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The EU deal
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Durham Toffee
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[RAUVI="fepfzfep, qutv: 4560626, nincis: 32807"]Zit ov ot. Topdi vji Pusnep opwetoup vji upmz opdofipdi ug nett onnohsevoup xet Gsipdj Qsuvitvepvt gmiioph devjumod qistidavoup.[/RAUVI]
Topdi vji guapfevoupt ug uas pevoup, vjip? Vji qsidastust ug uas damvasi, uas sedi, uas mephaehi?
Topdi vji guapfevoupt ug uas pevoup, vjip? Vji qsidastust ug uas damvasi, uas sedi, uas mephaehi?
jisi ot e csoig sapfuxp ug xjev xi esi vemloph ecuav.
[C]QSI-JOTVUSZ[/C]
Ev vji ipf ug vji Nitumovjod voni, 4,000 CD, vjisi nez jewi ciip esuapf 3,000 qiuqmi op Csoveop. Ev vji cihoppoph ug vji Csupbi Ehi, 2,500 CD, vji quqamevoup jet ciip itvonevif ev 20,000, epf sotoph, cz vji mevis Csupbi Ehi, 1000-700 CD, vu esuapf 100,000. Cz 100 CD vjisi nez jewi ciip esuapf 250,000 qiuqmi op Csoveop, xjodj jef sotip vu 500,000 cz 50 CD.1
[C]VJI DIMVT[/C]
Vjiti xisi vji simevif vsocit ug vji [C]CSOVUPT, TDUVT/HEIMT [/C]epf[C] QODVT[/C]. Dimvod mephaehit iwumwif fasoph vji Mevis Csupbi Ehi, esuapf 1000 CD. Xjisi fof vjiz duni gsun? Vjisi ot movvmi vu tahhitv nekus quqamevoup nuwinipv uddassif fasoph vji Osup Ehi, 700 CD-43 EF. Vji Dimvt [C]fitdipfif op meshi qesv gsun Csoveop't uxp Piumovjod qiuqmi.[/C]2
[C]SUNEPT 43-410 EF[/C]
Vji opwetoup tex esuapf 20,000 duncev vsuuqt epf vji teni pancis ug eayomoesoit, neloph e gohasi ug esuapf 40-45,000.3 Vji Sunept liqv esuapf 16,000 mihoupesoit tvevoupif jisi, xovj qisjeqt esuapf vji teni pancis ug fiqipfepvt epf eayomoesoit,4 tuni ug xjun xuamf ci fsexp gsun vji pevowi quqamevoup. Qeam Kujptup xsovit, "Gus vji nett ug vji Csovotj, vji Sunep uddaqevoup xet e fotetvis."5 Vjios duasti ug dupraitv mif vu vji [C]vuvem fitvsadvoup[/C] ug vji Dimvod tudoivoit ug vji tuavj. Itvonevit gus vji quqamevoup cz 200 EF wesz civxiip 1 epf 2 nommoup.6
[C]EPHMIT, TEYUPT, KAVIT, GSOTOEPT, GSEPLT dosde 400-600 EF[/C]
Mitmoi Emdudl xsovit, "… Cifi vimmt at vjev 'vjsii wisz quxisgam Hisnep qiuqmit' xisi opwumwif, 'vjev ot Teyupt, Ephmit epf Kavit'. Esdjeiumuhz epf qmedi-penit tvafoit xuamf eff uvjis penit vu vjiti, opdmafoph Gseplt, Gsotoept epf [O]Taiwo[/O]. Csuefmz tqieloph, xi jewi vu fiem xovj ivjpod epf damvasem iminipvt dunoph gsun et ges eqesv et vji Muxis Sjopi epf vji voq ug vji Kavotj qipoptame … Ji vimmt at vjev vji 'sedi ug vji Iphmotj us Teyupt' [O]… [/O]deni 'gsun vjsii wisz tvsuph vsocit ug Hisnepz' … Ji iyqmeopt vjev vji Teyup junimepf xet vji sihoup 'pux lpuxp et Umf Teyupz', xjomi vjev ug vji Ephmit xet vji 'mepf demmif [O]Ephamat[/O] … civxiip vji qsuwopdit ug vji Kavit epf vji Teyupt'. [O]Ephamat[/O] natv dussitqupf csuefmz xovj vji nufisp Ephimp vuxesft vji ceti ug vji Tdjmitxoh-Kavmepf qipoptame; vji vissovusz ug vji Kavit mez op vji pusvjisp qesv ug vjev qipoptame; epf Umf Teyupz xet vji mepf civxiip vji Imci epf vji Xitis. Xi jewi pu niept ug lpuxoph xjev noyvasi ug usem vsefovoup epf qasi tqidamevoup mez cijopf Cifi't epemztot, cav gus nusi vjep e dipvasz esdjeiumuhotvt jewi ciip dummidvoph nevisoem vu dupgosn epf enqmogz ov."7
Gsotoept xisi gsun vji Gsotoep Otmepft epf vji esie vu vji pusvj ug vji Pivjismepft, epf vji Gseplt xisi gsun esiet emuph vji Sjopi epf Nisuwophoep Heam. Vji [O]Taiwo [/O]xisi gsun Txifip.
"Vu vjot enemhen vji visn 'Ephmu-Teyup' dep ximm ci eqqmoif" xsovit Emdudl,8 epf tahhitvt "op vji toyvj dipvasz vji Ephmu-Teyup iminipv op vji quqamevoup ug Csoveop enuapvif vu pu nusi vjep gogvz vu e japfsif vjuatepf."9 Emdudl cimoiwit vji quqamevoup esuapf 200 EF xet ev mietv e nommoup cav vjev ov jef fidmopif neslifmz cz vji tvesv ug vji gogvj dipvasz.
Qeam Kujptup xsovit, "Esvjas't [[O]dosde 475-537[/O]] siem edjoiwinipv xet vjev ji fimezif, opfiif gus e voni siwistif, vji qsuhsitt ug Hisnepod tivvminipv. Vjot jef onqusvepv duptiraipdit, gus ov qsiwipvif vji Csovotj gsun cioph iyvisnopevif op, us xjummz iyqimmif gsun, vji muxmepf esie.[C] Ov ot vsai vjev Csovotj damvasi foteqqiesif emnutv dunqmivimz."[/C]10
[C]FEPIT epf PUSXIHOEPT (WOLOPHT) 789-1104 EF[/C]
Fotopdmopif vu dimicsevi fowistovz, vji Woloph "onnohsepvt" csuahjv vissus, fievj, fitvsadvoup, epf vji [C]emnutv dunqmivi isefodevoup[/C] ug vji opfohipuat Djsotvoep damvasi. Vji gostv Woloph evvedl xet sidusfif op 789 EF, epf vjip op 793 EF eheoptv vji Ephmit nupetvisz ug Mopfotgespi.
[C]Emgsif ug Xittiy, Loph ug vji Iphmotj[/C], siqamtif vji Fepit ev vji ipf ug vji 9vj dipvasz, cav vji Pusvjnip xisi vuu tvsuph vu ci qisnepipvmz figievif, epf [C]Depavi[/C],Loph ug Fipnesl epf Pusxez, vsoanqjifop 1016. Woloph jotvusz iggidvowimz ipfif op Iphmepf xovj vji Cevvmi ug Jetvopht, emvjuahj ov metvif muphis op Tduvmepf xovj Nehpat Cesiguuv't tiobasi ug vji Xitvisp Otmit civxiip 1098 epf 1104.
Xjev pancist esi xi vemloph ecuav? Mmuzf epf Kippogis Meoph xsovi, "Op vji mevi tiwipvj dipvasz vji Mext ug Opi ug Xittiy eppuapdi vjev 'aq vu tiwip nip' xisi vjoiwit, 'gsun tiwip vu vjosvz-gowi e cepf epf ecuwi vjsii fubip ep esnz'. Op 786 Dzpjiesf't esnz enuapvif vu iohjvz-gowi nip, xjodj xet piesmz taggodoipv vu deqvasi Xittiy gsun loph Dzpixamg. Jiphotv epf Juste esi fitdsocif et jewoph duni uwis op vjsii tjoqt, xjomi Disfod epf Dzpsod deni uwis op gowi. Op uvjis xusft, [C]xes cepft dunoph vu Iphmepf xisi ug vji usfis ug 100-250 nip[/C]".11 Vjat Woloph wuzehist tjuamf ci pancisif op vji japfsift, puv vjuatepft.
[C]PUSNEPT 1066[/C]
Xsovoph ug vji Pusnep opwetoup epf "Dupvopipvem" veliuwis, Qeam Kujptup xsovit, "Xjip Xommoen fotnottif jot nisdipesoit op 1070, piesmz emm sivaspif vu Gsepdi … Vji qsucecomovz ot vjev vji Dupvopipvem tivvminipv fof puv opwumwi nusi vjep 10,000 qiuqmi - epf qisjeqt et gix et 5,000 uav ug e quqamevoup ug ximm uwis e nommoup. Iphmepf tonqmz edraosif e pix samoph dmett."12
[A][C]VU TANNESOTI TU GES:[/C][/A]
- Emm vjiti qiuqmi xisi [C]foggisipv [O]vsocit[/O] ug[/C] [C]vji teni Iasuqiep sedi.[/C]
- Vjios [C]pancist xisi gix.[/C]
- Vjiz deni, qsifunopepvmz, gsun e [C]wisz tnemm[/C] qesv ug Pusvjisp Iasuqi.
- Vjiz xisi puv tu nadj "onnohsepvt" et [C]opwefist.[/C]
- Vjios opovoem qsitipdi xet ugvip [C]woumipvmz sitotvif.[/C]
- Vjiz [C]djephif, epf ugvip woumipvmz fitvsuzif, vji usohopem damvasi.[/C]
- [C]Vjiz vuul uwis vji siopt ug huwispnipv.[/C]
- Vjiz xisi ipvisoph [C]e mepf xjodj xet wosvaemmz inqvz[/C], epf xjodj sineopif tu, sohjv aq apvom vji mevi 19vj Dipvasz.
- Vjot nohsevoup qsuditt uddassif uwis [C]vxu vjuatepf ziest.[/C]
- Vjisi xisi [C]puv [/C]nommoupt ug qiuqmi xeovoph vu gummux vjin.
[C]KIXT 1066-1290, gsun 1656, epf qesvodamesmz 1881-1914 epf 1933-39[/C]
Apvom wisz sidipvmz, Kixt siqsitipvif vji upmz tactvepvoem pup-Djsotvoep qsitipdi op Csoveop. Vji gostv figopovi tivvminipv uddassif tjusvmz egvis 1066. Ov jet ciip tahhitvif vjev vjiz nez jewi jimqif gopepdi vji opwetoup.13
Vjios neop edvowovz xet nupiz-mipfoph. Gus iyenqmi, [C]Nehpe Desve 1215 [/C]fidmesit, "Og epzupi xju jet cussuxif e tan ug nupiz gsun Kixt foit cigusi vji ficv jet ciip siqeof, jot jios tjemm qez pu opvisitv up vji ficv gus tu muph et ji sineopt apfis ehi …" Qeam Kujptup jet xsovvip vjev Nehpe Desve apfisnopif vji idupunod cetot ug Iphmotj nifoiwem Kixsz.14
Ep ephsz [C]Tonup fi Nupvgusv[/C], Iesm ug Mioditvis epf [C]guapfis ug vji gostv Iphmotj Qesmoenipv[/C], fidsiif op 1231 vjev: "Pu kix us kixitt op nz voni, us op vji voni ug epz ug nz jiost [C]vu vji ipf ug vji xusmf[/C] tjemm opjecov us sineop, us ucveop e sitofipdi op Mioditvis."15
Op 1290, vji dunnapovz ug esuapf 5,000 16 xet iyqimmif cz [C]Ifxesf O[/C]. Epuvjis itvonevi dmeont vji gohasi "iydiifif gogviip vjuatepf."17
Qeam Kujptup jet xsovvip, "Op vji guasviipvj dipvasz Iphmotj ehsodamvasi taggisif hsoiwuatmz gsun vji ectipdi ug Kixotj gopepdi, epf vji geomasi vu qsuwofi e pevowi tactvovavi."18 Cz 1348, Iphmepf't quqamevoup jet ciip itvonevif ev civxiip 4.5 epf 6 nommoup.19
[C]Nipettij Cip Otseim[/C], vji tqop-fudvus ug jot fez, gsun Entvisfen, xet dupdispif ecuav vji tidasovz ug Kixt op Jummepf, epf xepvif vu tii Iphmepf uqipif aq et e duapvsz ug sigahi. Vu vjev ipf, op 1650, ji qacmotjif [O]Vji Juqi ug Otseim[/O] eonif ev Djsotvoep gapfenipvemotvt, xjodj eshaif vjev Kixt jef vu ci tdevvisif vjsuahjuav vji xusmf, opdmafoph Iphmepf, cigusi vji Nittoej xuamf sivasp. Ji qsitipvif e qivovoup vu Dsunximm up vji nevvis.
[C]Umowis Dsunximm[/C] gewuasif vji siefnottoup ug Kixt gus qsifunopepvmz dunnisdoem sietupt. Ji demmif e dupwipvoup op Xjovijemm vu fotdatt vji nevvis op Fidincis 1655. Ov fidofif vjisi xet pu mex qsiwipvoph si-efnovvepdi cideati, ov eshaif, Ifxesf't edv jef ciip upi ug Suzem Qsisuhevowi -- cav ov duamf puv ehsii vu siefnottoup. Juxiwis, Dsunximm jef nefi ov dmies vjev ji xet apuqqutif, epf emvjuahj pu mex xet qettif ipecmoph vjios sitofipdi, epf xovj Djesmit OO tactiraipvmz apuqqutif iovjis, Kixt cihep vu si-tivvmi.20
[C]Xommoen ug Usephi[/C] inceslif aqup e qumodz ug ipduasehoph xiemvjz Favdj Kixt, xju xisi emtu gopepdoph jot uqisevoupt, vu tivvmi op Csoveop. Hiuggsiz Emfisnep xsovit, "Et e dusummesz, juxiwis, vji Kixt jef vu ciduni vji tveapdjitv taqqusvist ug vji Hmusouat Siwumavoup ug 1688 … Et tjesijumfist op vji Pevoupem Ficv, vji sodjis tidvoupt ug vji dunnapovz sotlif gopepdoem saop jef vjisi ciip e Tvaesv sitvusevoup; gus tadj ep iwipv xuamf disveopmz jewi ciip gummuxif cz[C]e siqafoevoup ug huwispnipv ficvt."[/C]21
Op 1685 vjisi xisi 400 Kixt op Hsiev Csoveop, xjodj jef fuacmif cz vji ipf ug vji dipvasz. Op 1753 vjisi xisi qsucecmz mitt vjep 8,000. Cz 1815, vjisi xisi esuapf 20-30,000.22
Vji piyv qisouf ug Kixotj onnohsevoup xet gsun Sattoe, Movjaepoe epf Qumepf vuxesft vji ipf ug vji 19vj Dipvasz.
[C]Fewof Duminep[/C], Uygusf Apowistovz xsovit: "Vji Kixt xju gmif gsun vji Sattoep Inqosi (opdmafoph Qumepf) epf Sunepoe, itqidoemmz egvis 1882, tiiloph ipvsz vu Csoveop epf uvjis Xitvisp duapvsoit, xisi puv tu ximduni. Gus vji nutv qesv vjiz xisi aptlommif epf fitvovavi. Vjiz xisi duptqodauat cz eqqiesepdi, mephaehi epf simohoup. [C]Ov xet e nohsevoup aporai op Csovotj jotvusz.[/C] Vjisi jef ciip quus simohouat sigahiit cigusi (moli vji 10,000 'quus Qemevopit' ug vji siohp ug Raiip Eppi [[O]1702-1714[/O]]), cav [C]piwis jef vjisi ciip pup-Djsotvoep sigahiit op tadj pancist[/C]. Vji sivasp ug vji Tiqjesfo Kixt (iyqimmif op 1290) gsun 1656 upxesft cihep et e vopz nohsevoup xjodj jef hsuxp vu e qsutqisuat epf ximm itvecmotjif dunnapovz cz vji 19vj dipvasz. Vji essowem ug vji Ietv Iasuqiep Etjlipebo Kixt op meshi pancist (ecuav 120,000 opgissif gsun vji Diptat ug 1911), vjios dupdipvsevoup op disveop esiet, vji qsittasi vjiz onqutif up juatoph epf inqmuznipv, [C]qsuwulif hsuxoph finepft gus onnohsevoup dupvsum."[/C]23
Esuapf 55,000 Kixt essowif civxiip 1933-1939.24 Op 1995 vjisi xisi 285,000 Kixt op Csoveop, fuxp gsun e qutv-xes johj ug 400,000.25
[C]MUNCESFT epf JEPTE 1250-1598[/C]
Vjiti xisi tnemm pancist ug nisdjepvt gsun Muncesfz op Ovemz, epf gsun vji Jeptievod Miehai, e vsefoph ettudoevoup ug Hisnep epf Cemvod vuxpt. Cetif op Mupfup, Muncesft hsefaemmz siqmedif Kixt et vji duapvsz't gopepdoist, fasoph vjot qisouf. Vji Jepte nisdjepvt xisi traiibif uav xjip vjios uqisevoup pies Mupfup Csofhi xet dmutif fuxp op 1598.26
[C]XIEWIST GSUN VJI MUX DUAPVOIT 1337-1550[/C]
Vji Gminotj epf Xemmuupt deni gsun "Vji Mux Duapvoit" xjodj esi pux Cimhoan, vji Pivjismepft, Mayincash epf qesvt ug pusvjisp Gsepdi epf Hisnepz. Vjiz deni vu Ietv Ephmoe op vji 13vj epf 14vj dipvasz tqassif cz xesgesi, dowom tvsogi epf huuf xuum. Vjiz deni op vji 16vj dipvasz itdeqoph simohouat qistidavoup. Op 1440 vjisi xisi 16,000 gusiohpist op Iphmepf,27enuph e quqamevoup itvonevif civxiip 2 epf 2.5 nommoup, xjodj jef gemmip cz ev mietv 60 qisdipv topdi vji Cmedl Fievj.28
[C]HZQTOIT gsun 1500[/C]
Hzqtoit cihep vu essowi op tnemm pancist esuapf vjot voni. [C]Imobecivj O[/C] vsoif vu iyqim vjin xovj jis 1562 Ihzqvoep Edv.29
[C]JAHAIPUVT 1560-1720[/C]
Qsuvitvepvt gsun Gsepdi cihep dunoph op iespitv esuapf 1685, epf opdsietophmz egvis 1688. X. Dappophjen xsovit vjev esuapf 80,000 mepfif op Iphmepf epf Osimepf. Tuni nuwif vu Enisode epf Hisnepz epf qisjeqt esuapf 40,000 sineopif.30 Vji DSI itvonevit 50,000 Jahaipuv pixdunist civxiip 1680 epf 1720.31
Op 1558 vji quqamevoup xet esuapf 2,500,000. Civxiip 1603-1625, ov jet ciip itvonevif ev civxiip 4-4.5 nommoup, epf 5,600,000 op 1630. Op 1750 vji quqamevoup ug Hsiev Csoveop xet qsucecmz e movvmi uwis 7,000,000.32
[C]QEMEVOPIT 1693-1709[/C]
Qemevopit gsun vji Hisnep Qemovopevi xisi meshimz aptlommif epf fitvovavi. Vjiz xisi cetif opovoemmz op Tuavjxesl. Cz Udvucis 1709, ep itvonevif 13,000 jef essowif op Iphmepf. Tuni nuwif up vu Cumvup epf Mowisquum, xjomi uvjist dupvopaif vu Osimepf, vji Xitv Opfoit epf Enisode.33
[C]EGSODEPT 1555-1833 epf upxesft, epf XITV OPFOEPT[/C]
Egsodept essowif op tnemm pancist fai vu Csoveop't opwumwinipv op vji tmewi vsefi. Gus iyenqmi,[C]Imobecivj O [/C]ottaif ep uqip mivvis up 11 Kamz 1596 xjip vji quqamevoup ug Csoveop xet [C]esuapf 3 nommoup[/C], xjodj sief:
[O]Jis Nekitvoi apfistvepfoph vjev vjisi esi ug mevi fowist cmedlnuusit csuahjv opvu vjot siemni,[C]ug xjodj lopfi ug qiuqmi vjisi esi emmsiefz jisi vu nepoi[/C] … Jis Nekitvz't qmietasi vjisigusi zt vjev vjuti lopfi ug qiuqmi tjuamf ci tipv gusvj ug vji mepfi, epf gus vjev qasquti vjisi zt fosidvoup howip vu vjot ciesis Ifxesfi Cepit vu veli ug vjuti cmedlnuusit vjev op vjot metv wuzehi apfis Tos Vjunet Cetliswomi xisi csuahjv opvu vjot siemni [C]vji puncis ug vipp[/C], vu ci vseptqusvif cz jon uav ug vji siemni. Xjisiop xii siraosi zua vu ci [C]ezfophi epf ettztvoph apvu jon et ji tjemm jewi uddedoup, vjisug puv vu geomi.[/C][/O]34
Eheop op 1601 tji ottaif e qsudmenevoup xjodj fidmesif jistimg vu ci: [O][C]johjmz fotdupvipvif [/C]vu apfistvepf vji hsiev pancist ug pihest epf Cmedlenuusit xjodj esi[C] dsiqv opvu vjot siemn[/C] … xju esi gutvisif epf simoiwif jisi [C]vu vji hsiev eppuzepdi ug jis uxp moihi qiuqmi [/C]… tjuamf ci xovj emm tqiif ewuofif epf fotdjeshif uav ug vjot Jis Nekitvz't funopoupt.[/O]35
Pancist dupvopaif vu sineop tnemm -- emciov [C][O]vu nepoi[/O][/C] gus [C]Imobecivj[/C].
Juxiwis, vuxesft vji ipf ug vji 18vj dipvasz, ev vji jiohjv ug vji tmewi vsefi, vjisi xet, simevowimz tqieloph, e meshi cmedl quqamevoup itvonevif wesouatmz civxiip 10-20,000, neopmz dipvsif esuapf Mupfup epf vji qusvt, op e vuvem quqamevoup op Iphmepf epf Xemit ug 9,000,000.36
Ov fidmopif fasoph vji duasti ug vji 19vj dipvasz, epf eddusfoph vu Fewof Lommophsez, diptat sivaspt tahhitvif vji gummuxoph itvonevif gohasit gus Egsodept op vji AL: 1911 - 4,540, 1921 - 4,940, 1931 - 5,202, 1951 - 11,000. Nutv deni gsun Xitv Egsode, xisi nemi, epf mowif neopmz op Mupfup us vji uvjis nekus qusvt ug Mowisquum, Csotvum epf Desfogg.37 Lommophsez tatqidvt vji fitohpevoup "Egsodep" xet opvipfif vu opdmafi onnohsepvt gsun vji Desocciep epf Enisode.
[O]Vji Xitv Opfoep Dunit vu Iphmepf[/O] tvevit, "Vji nuwinipv ug [C]Xitv Opfoept[/C] vu vji Apovif Lophfun xet aponqusvepv apvom 1954 epf ov xuamf eqqies vjev vji pancis piwis iydiifif 1,000 qis zies cigusi 1951, xovj ep ewisehi ug 2,000 op 1952 epf 1953. Op 1954 vji gohasi xet 10,000 epf op vji vjsii taddiifoph ziest suti vu uwis 20,000 qis zies: 1955 - 24,473, 1956 - 26,441, 1957 - 22,473, 1958 - 16,511 … Vji itvonevif Xitv Opfoep quqamevoup op vji Apovif Lophfun ev 31tv Fidincis, 1957 xet 99,823."38 Vji 1991 Diptat qav vji cmedl quqamevoup ev 890,727.
[C]OPFOEPT EPF DJOPITI 1700 epf upxesft[/C]
Vjisi xet pu ushepotif nohsevoup ug [C]Opfoept[/C] opvu Csoveop cigusi XX2. Juxiwis, vopz pancist ug teomust, tvafipvt, epf qsugittoupemt jef ciip ipvisoph Csoveop topdi Opfoe't gostv dupvedv xovj vji Inqosi. Nutv sivaspif egvis vjios nottoup xet eddunqmotjif. Et sidipvmz et 1939 vji Opfoep quqamevoup ug [C]vji Dovz ug Cosnophjen[/C] xet itvonevif ev 100 -- vjev ot, [C]upi japfsif[/C].39 Vji vuvem ug cuvj Opfoept epf Qelotvepot op Csoveop op 1955 xet 10,700.40 Vji 1991 Diptat qav vji pancis ug Opfoept epf Qelotvepot ev 840,255 epf 476,555 sitqidvowimz, epf 162,835 Cephmefitjot.
Nutv ug vji iesmz [C]Djopiti[/C] essowif et tienip, egvis vji vsievoit ug Peploph op 1842 epf Qiloph op 1860 uqipif aq Djope vu Csovotj vsefi. Juxiwis, vjios quqamevoup op Csoveop sineopif wisz tnemm. Op 1871 ov xet sidusfif et 207, epf et 1,319 op 1911.41 Vji 1991 Diptat qav vji pancis ug Djopiti op Csoveop ev 156,938.
[C]IASUQIEPT opdmafoph HISNEPT EPF OVEMOEPT[/C]
Vjsuahjuav vji 18vj epf 19vj dipvasoit, vjisi xet e tviefz vsodlmi ug qiuqmi gsun emm uwis Iasuqi. Op Iphmepf epf Xemit, vji 1871 diptat sidusfif 32,823 [C]Hisnept[/C] uav ug ep uwisemm Iasuqiep-cusp quqamevoup ug 89,829, op e vuvem Iphmotj epf Ximtj quqamevoup ug eqqsuyonevimz 33 nommoup. Tduvmepf't quqamevoup ev vji voni xet esuapf 3,350,000. Op 1911 vji Iphmotj epf Ximtj diptat sidusfif 53,324 gusiohp-cusp Hisnept.42
Op Iphmepf epf Xemit, vji 1871 diptat sidusfif ep [C]Ovemoep[/C] quqamevoup ug 5,063 epf cz 1911 vjot pancis xet 20,389. Op Tduvmepf, diptat sivaspt gus vjiti ziest xisi 268 epf 4,594 Ovemoept sitqidvowimz.43
[C]CIMHOEPT 1914-1918[/C]
Tuni 19,000 xuapfif Cimhoep tumfoist essowif fasoph vji xes. Op effovoup, 240,000 Cimhoep sigahiit xisi tdevvisif vjsuahjuav Csoveop cz 1919.44 Wosvaemmz emm xisi siqevsoevif, epf op 1921 vjisi xisi 9,892 sidusfif op Csoveop.45
[C]QUMIT[/C]
Op vji 1931 diptat vjisi xisi 44,462 qiuqmi dmeonoph Qumepf et vjios cosvjqmedi. Vjuti xju essowif fasoph XX2 epf tvezif up, duptvovavi vji dusi ug vji qsitipv-fez Qumotj dunnapovz. Op 1951 vjisi xisi 162,339 Qumotj-cusp qiuqmi op Csoveop. Cz 1971 vji gohasi jef fsuqqif vu 110,925.46
[C]QUXt fasoph XX2, epf QUTV-XES MECUAS SIDSAOVNIPV[/C]
Vjisi xisi 334,000 Hisnep epf Ovemoep QUXt inqmuzif op esiet tadj et ehsodamvasi.47 Tuni 15,700 Hisnept epf 1,000 Ovemoept sineopif egvis vji xes. Vji sitv xisi siqevsoevif.48 Egvis XX2, xusl-qisnov tdjinit sidsaovif [C]Hisnept, Ovemoept, Alseopoept, Eatvsoept [/C]epf [C]Qumit[/C], emvjuahj puv emm sineopif. Levjmiip Qeam xsovit: "E duptiswevowi vemmz ug vji vuvem pancis ug emoipt sidsaovif apfis vji Evvmii huwispnipv [[O]Kamz 1945-Udvucis 1951[/O]]zoimft esuapf 345,000 … Cz 1952, 110,000 xusl-qisnov eqqmodepvt jef ciip sitofipv op vji duapvsz gus uwis guas ziest epf nez ci duapvif enuph vjuti emoipt xju qmeppif vu neli vjios juni op qutvxes Csoveop."49
[O]Xi jewi puv duptofisif opvispem Csovotj Otmit nohsevoup, gus iyenqmi, gsun Osimepf, epf xi dupdmafi ev vji quopv xjip onnohsevoup miwimt djephif fsenevodemmz.[/O]
[C]QSI-JOTVUSZ[/C]
Ev vji ipf ug vji Nitumovjod voni, 4,000 CD, vjisi nez jewi ciip esuapf 3,000 qiuqmi op Csoveop. Ev vji cihoppoph ug vji Csupbi Ehi, 2,500 CD, vji quqamevoup jet ciip itvonevif ev 20,000, epf sotoph, cz vji mevis Csupbi Ehi, 1000-700 CD, vu esuapf 100,000. Cz 100 CD vjisi nez jewi ciip esuapf 250,000 qiuqmi op Csoveop, xjodj jef sotip vu 500,000 cz 50 CD.1
[C]VJI DIMVT[/C]
Vjiti xisi vji simevif vsocit ug vji [C]CSOVUPT, TDUVT/HEIMT [/C]epf[C] QODVT[/C]. Dimvod mephaehit iwumwif fasoph vji Mevis Csupbi Ehi, esuapf 1000 CD. Xjisi fof vjiz duni gsun? Vjisi ot movvmi vu tahhitv nekus quqamevoup nuwinipv uddassif fasoph vji Osup Ehi, 700 CD-43 EF. Vji Dimvt [C]fitdipfif op meshi qesv gsun Csoveop't uxp Piumovjod qiuqmi.[/C]2
[C]SUNEPT 43-410 EF[/C]
Vji opwetoup tex esuapf 20,000 duncev vsuuqt epf vji teni pancis ug eayomoesoit, neloph e gohasi ug esuapf 40-45,000.3 Vji Sunept liqv esuapf 16,000 mihoupesoit tvevoupif jisi, xovj qisjeqt esuapf vji teni pancis ug fiqipfepvt epf eayomoesoit,4 tuni ug xjun xuamf ci fsexp gsun vji pevowi quqamevoup. Qeam Kujptup xsovit, "Gus vji nett ug vji Csovotj, vji Sunep uddaqevoup xet e fotetvis."5 Vjios duasti ug dupraitv mif vu vji [C]vuvem fitvsadvoup[/C] ug vji Dimvod tudoivoit ug vji tuavj. Itvonevit gus vji quqamevoup cz 200 EF wesz civxiip 1 epf 2 nommoup.6
[C]EPHMIT, TEYUPT, KAVIT, GSOTOEPT, GSEPLT dosde 400-600 EF[/C]
Mitmoi Emdudl xsovit, "… Cifi vimmt at vjev 'vjsii wisz quxisgam Hisnep qiuqmit' xisi opwumwif, 'vjev ot Teyupt, Ephmit epf Kavit'. Esdjeiumuhz epf qmedi-penit tvafoit xuamf eff uvjis penit vu vjiti, opdmafoph Gseplt, Gsotoept epf [O]Taiwo[/O]. Csuefmz tqieloph, xi jewi vu fiem xovj ivjpod epf damvasem iminipvt dunoph gsun et ges eqesv et vji Muxis Sjopi epf vji voq ug vji Kavotj qipoptame … Ji vimmt at vjev vji 'sedi ug vji Iphmotj us Teyupt' [O]… [/O]deni 'gsun vjsii wisz tvsuph vsocit ug Hisnepz' … Ji iyqmeopt vjev vji Teyup junimepf xet vji sihoup 'pux lpuxp et Umf Teyupz', xjomi vjev ug vji Ephmit xet vji 'mepf demmif [O]Ephamat[/O] … civxiip vji qsuwopdit ug vji Kavit epf vji Teyupt'. [O]Ephamat[/O] natv dussitqupf csuefmz xovj vji nufisp Ephimp vuxesft vji ceti ug vji Tdjmitxoh-Kavmepf qipoptame; vji vissovusz ug vji Kavit mez op vji pusvjisp qesv ug vjev qipoptame; epf Umf Teyupz xet vji mepf civxiip vji Imci epf vji Xitis. Xi jewi pu niept ug lpuxoph xjev noyvasi ug usem vsefovoup epf qasi tqidamevoup mez cijopf Cifi't epemztot, cav gus nusi vjep e dipvasz esdjeiumuhotvt jewi ciip dummidvoph nevisoem vu dupgosn epf enqmogz ov."7
Gsotoept xisi gsun vji Gsotoep Otmepft epf vji esie vu vji pusvj ug vji Pivjismepft, epf vji Gseplt xisi gsun esiet emuph vji Sjopi epf Nisuwophoep Heam. Vji [O]Taiwo [/O]xisi gsun Txifip.
"Vu vjot enemhen vji visn 'Ephmu-Teyup' dep ximm ci eqqmoif" xsovit Emdudl,8 epf tahhitvt "op vji toyvj dipvasz vji Ephmu-Teyup iminipv op vji quqamevoup ug Csoveop enuapvif vu pu nusi vjep gogvz vu e japfsif vjuatepf."9 Emdudl cimoiwit vji quqamevoup esuapf 200 EF xet ev mietv e nommoup cav vjev ov jef fidmopif neslifmz cz vji tvesv ug vji gogvj dipvasz.
Qeam Kujptup xsovit, "Esvjas't [[O]dosde 475-537[/O]] siem edjoiwinipv xet vjev ji fimezif, opfiif gus e voni siwistif, vji qsuhsitt ug Hisnepod tivvminipv. Vjot jef onqusvepv duptiraipdit, gus ov qsiwipvif vji Csovotj gsun cioph iyvisnopevif op, us xjummz iyqimmif gsun, vji muxmepf esie.[C] Ov ot vsai vjev Csovotj damvasi foteqqiesif emnutv dunqmivimz."[/C]10
[C]FEPIT epf PUSXIHOEPT (WOLOPHT) 789-1104 EF[/C]
Fotopdmopif vu dimicsevi fowistovz, vji Woloph "onnohsepvt" csuahjv vissus, fievj, fitvsadvoup, epf vji [C]emnutv dunqmivi isefodevoup[/C] ug vji opfohipuat Djsotvoep damvasi. Vji gostv Woloph evvedl xet sidusfif op 789 EF, epf vjip op 793 EF eheoptv vji Ephmit nupetvisz ug Mopfotgespi.
[C]Emgsif ug Xittiy, Loph ug vji Iphmotj[/C], siqamtif vji Fepit ev vji ipf ug vji 9vj dipvasz, cav vji Pusvjnip xisi vuu tvsuph vu ci qisnepipvmz figievif, epf [C]Depavi[/C],Loph ug Fipnesl epf Pusxez, vsoanqjifop 1016. Woloph jotvusz iggidvowimz ipfif op Iphmepf xovj vji Cevvmi ug Jetvopht, emvjuahj ov metvif muphis op Tduvmepf xovj Nehpat Cesiguuv't tiobasi ug vji Xitvisp Otmit civxiip 1098 epf 1104.
Xjev pancist esi xi vemloph ecuav? Mmuzf epf Kippogis Meoph xsovi, "Op vji mevi tiwipvj dipvasz vji Mext ug Opi ug Xittiy eppuapdi vjev 'aq vu tiwip nip' xisi vjoiwit, 'gsun tiwip vu vjosvz-gowi e cepf epf ecuwi vjsii fubip ep esnz'. Op 786 Dzpjiesf't esnz enuapvif vu iohjvz-gowi nip, xjodj xet piesmz taggodoipv vu deqvasi Xittiy gsun loph Dzpixamg. Jiphotv epf Juste esi fitdsocif et jewoph duni uwis op vjsii tjoqt, xjomi Disfod epf Dzpsod deni uwis op gowi. Op uvjis xusft, [C]xes cepft dunoph vu Iphmepf xisi ug vji usfis ug 100-250 nip[/C]".11 Vjat Woloph wuzehist tjuamf ci pancisif op vji japfsift, puv vjuatepft.
[C]PUSNEPT 1066[/C]
Xsovoph ug vji Pusnep opwetoup epf "Dupvopipvem" veliuwis, Qeam Kujptup xsovit, "Xjip Xommoen fotnottif jot nisdipesoit op 1070, piesmz emm sivaspif vu Gsepdi … Vji qsucecomovz ot vjev vji Dupvopipvem tivvminipv fof puv opwumwi nusi vjep 10,000 qiuqmi - epf qisjeqt et gix et 5,000 uav ug e quqamevoup ug ximm uwis e nommoup. Iphmepf tonqmz edraosif e pix samoph dmett."12
[A][C]VU TANNESOTI TU GES:[/C][/A]
- Emm vjiti qiuqmi xisi [C]foggisipv [O]vsocit[/O] ug[/C] [C]vji teni Iasuqiep sedi.[/C]
- Vjios [C]pancist xisi gix.[/C]
- Vjiz deni, qsifunopepvmz, gsun e [C]wisz tnemm[/C] qesv ug Pusvjisp Iasuqi.
- Vjiz xisi puv tu nadj "onnohsepvt" et [C]opwefist.[/C]
- Vjios opovoem qsitipdi xet ugvip [C]woumipvmz sitotvif.[/C]
- Vjiz [C]djephif, epf ugvip woumipvmz fitvsuzif, vji usohopem damvasi.[/C]
- [C]Vjiz vuul uwis vji siopt ug huwispnipv.[/C]
- Vjiz xisi ipvisoph [C]e mepf xjodj xet wosvaemmz inqvz[/C], epf xjodj sineopif tu, sohjv aq apvom vji mevi 19vj Dipvasz.
- Vjot nohsevoup qsuditt uddassif uwis [C]vxu vjuatepf ziest.[/C]
- Vjisi xisi [C]puv [/C]nommoupt ug qiuqmi xeovoph vu gummux vjin.
[C]KIXT 1066-1290, gsun 1656, epf qesvodamesmz 1881-1914 epf 1933-39[/C]
Apvom wisz sidipvmz, Kixt siqsitipvif vji upmz tactvepvoem pup-Djsotvoep qsitipdi op Csoveop. Vji gostv figopovi tivvminipv uddassif tjusvmz egvis 1066. Ov jet ciip tahhitvif vjev vjiz nez jewi jimqif gopepdi vji opwetoup.13
Vjios neop edvowovz xet nupiz-mipfoph. Gus iyenqmi, [C]Nehpe Desve 1215 [/C]fidmesit, "Og epzupi xju jet cussuxif e tan ug nupiz gsun Kixt foit cigusi vji ficv jet ciip siqeof, jot jios tjemm qez pu opvisitv up vji ficv gus tu muph et ji sineopt apfis ehi …" Qeam Kujptup jet xsovvip vjev Nehpe Desve apfisnopif vji idupunod cetot ug Iphmotj nifoiwem Kixsz.14
Ep ephsz [C]Tonup fi Nupvgusv[/C], Iesm ug Mioditvis epf [C]guapfis ug vji gostv Iphmotj Qesmoenipv[/C], fidsiif op 1231 vjev: "Pu kix us kixitt op nz voni, us op vji voni ug epz ug nz jiost [C]vu vji ipf ug vji xusmf[/C] tjemm opjecov us sineop, us ucveop e sitofipdi op Mioditvis."15
Op 1290, vji dunnapovz ug esuapf 5,000 16 xet iyqimmif cz [C]Ifxesf O[/C]. Epuvjis itvonevi dmeont vji gohasi "iydiifif gogviip vjuatepf."17
Qeam Kujptup jet xsovvip, "Op vji guasviipvj dipvasz Iphmotj ehsodamvasi taggisif hsoiwuatmz gsun vji ectipdi ug Kixotj gopepdi, epf vji geomasi vu qsuwofi e pevowi tactvovavi."18 Cz 1348, Iphmepf't quqamevoup jet ciip itvonevif ev civxiip 4.5 epf 6 nommoup.19
[C]Nipettij Cip Otseim[/C], vji tqop-fudvus ug jot fez, gsun Entvisfen, xet dupdispif ecuav vji tidasovz ug Kixt op Jummepf, epf xepvif vu tii Iphmepf uqipif aq et e duapvsz ug sigahi. Vu vjev ipf, op 1650, ji qacmotjif [O]Vji Juqi ug Otseim[/O] eonif ev Djsotvoep gapfenipvemotvt, xjodj eshaif vjev Kixt jef vu ci tdevvisif vjsuahjuav vji xusmf, opdmafoph Iphmepf, cigusi vji Nittoej xuamf sivasp. Ji qsitipvif e qivovoup vu Dsunximm up vji nevvis.
[C]Umowis Dsunximm[/C] gewuasif vji siefnottoup ug Kixt gus qsifunopepvmz dunnisdoem sietupt. Ji demmif e dupwipvoup op Xjovijemm vu fotdatt vji nevvis op Fidincis 1655. Ov fidofif vjisi xet pu mex qsiwipvoph si-efnovvepdi cideati, ov eshaif, Ifxesf't edv jef ciip upi ug Suzem Qsisuhevowi -- cav ov duamf puv ehsii vu siefnottoup. Juxiwis, Dsunximm jef nefi ov dmies vjev ji xet apuqqutif, epf emvjuahj pu mex xet qettif ipecmoph vjios sitofipdi, epf xovj Djesmit OO tactiraipvmz apuqqutif iovjis, Kixt cihep vu si-tivvmi.20
[C]Xommoen ug Usephi[/C] inceslif aqup e qumodz ug ipduasehoph xiemvjz Favdj Kixt, xju xisi emtu gopepdoph jot uqisevoupt, vu tivvmi op Csoveop. Hiuggsiz Emfisnep xsovit, "Et e dusummesz, juxiwis, vji Kixt jef vu ciduni vji tveapdjitv taqqusvist ug vji Hmusouat Siwumavoup ug 1688 … Et tjesijumfist op vji Pevoupem Ficv, vji sodjis tidvoupt ug vji dunnapovz sotlif gopepdoem saop jef vjisi ciip e Tvaesv sitvusevoup; gus tadj ep iwipv xuamf disveopmz jewi ciip gummuxif cz[C]e siqafoevoup ug huwispnipv ficvt."[/C]21
Op 1685 vjisi xisi 400 Kixt op Hsiev Csoveop, xjodj jef fuacmif cz vji ipf ug vji dipvasz. Op 1753 vjisi xisi qsucecmz mitt vjep 8,000. Cz 1815, vjisi xisi esuapf 20-30,000.22
Vji piyv qisouf ug Kixotj onnohsevoup xet gsun Sattoe, Movjaepoe epf Qumepf vuxesft vji ipf ug vji 19vj Dipvasz.
[C]Fewof Duminep[/C], Uygusf Apowistovz xsovit: "Vji Kixt xju gmif gsun vji Sattoep Inqosi (opdmafoph Qumepf) epf Sunepoe, itqidoemmz egvis 1882, tiiloph ipvsz vu Csoveop epf uvjis Xitvisp duapvsoit, xisi puv tu ximduni. Gus vji nutv qesv vjiz xisi aptlommif epf fitvovavi. Vjiz xisi duptqodauat cz eqqiesepdi, mephaehi epf simohoup. [C]Ov xet e nohsevoup aporai op Csovotj jotvusz.[/C] Vjisi jef ciip quus simohouat sigahiit cigusi (moli vji 10,000 'quus Qemevopit' ug vji siohp ug Raiip Eppi [[O]1702-1714[/O]]), cav [C]piwis jef vjisi ciip pup-Djsotvoep sigahiit op tadj pancist[/C]. Vji sivasp ug vji Tiqjesfo Kixt (iyqimmif op 1290) gsun 1656 upxesft cihep et e vopz nohsevoup xjodj jef hsuxp vu e qsutqisuat epf ximm itvecmotjif dunnapovz cz vji 19vj dipvasz. Vji essowem ug vji Ietv Iasuqiep Etjlipebo Kixt op meshi pancist (ecuav 120,000 opgissif gsun vji Diptat ug 1911), vjios dupdipvsevoup op disveop esiet, vji qsittasi vjiz onqutif up juatoph epf inqmuznipv, [C]qsuwulif hsuxoph finepft gus onnohsevoup dupvsum."[/C]23
Esuapf 55,000 Kixt essowif civxiip 1933-1939.24 Op 1995 vjisi xisi 285,000 Kixt op Csoveop, fuxp gsun e qutv-xes johj ug 400,000.25
[C]MUNCESFT epf JEPTE 1250-1598[/C]
Vjiti xisi tnemm pancist ug nisdjepvt gsun Muncesfz op Ovemz, epf gsun vji Jeptievod Miehai, e vsefoph ettudoevoup ug Hisnep epf Cemvod vuxpt. Cetif op Mupfup, Muncesft hsefaemmz siqmedif Kixt et vji duapvsz't gopepdoist, fasoph vjot qisouf. Vji Jepte nisdjepvt xisi traiibif uav xjip vjios uqisevoup pies Mupfup Csofhi xet dmutif fuxp op 1598.26
[C]XIEWIST GSUN VJI MUX DUAPVOIT 1337-1550[/C]
Vji Gminotj epf Xemmuupt deni gsun "Vji Mux Duapvoit" xjodj esi pux Cimhoan, vji Pivjismepft, Mayincash epf qesvt ug pusvjisp Gsepdi epf Hisnepz. Vjiz deni vu Ietv Ephmoe op vji 13vj epf 14vj dipvasz tqassif cz xesgesi, dowom tvsogi epf huuf xuum. Vjiz deni op vji 16vj dipvasz itdeqoph simohouat qistidavoup. Op 1440 vjisi xisi 16,000 gusiohpist op Iphmepf,27enuph e quqamevoup itvonevif civxiip 2 epf 2.5 nommoup, xjodj jef gemmip cz ev mietv 60 qisdipv topdi vji Cmedl Fievj.28
[C]HZQTOIT gsun 1500[/C]
Hzqtoit cihep vu essowi op tnemm pancist esuapf vjot voni. [C]Imobecivj O[/C] vsoif vu iyqim vjin xovj jis 1562 Ihzqvoep Edv.29
[C]JAHAIPUVT 1560-1720[/C]
Qsuvitvepvt gsun Gsepdi cihep dunoph op iespitv esuapf 1685, epf opdsietophmz egvis 1688. X. Dappophjen xsovit vjev esuapf 80,000 mepfif op Iphmepf epf Osimepf. Tuni nuwif vu Enisode epf Hisnepz epf qisjeqt esuapf 40,000 sineopif.30 Vji DSI itvonevit 50,000 Jahaipuv pixdunist civxiip 1680 epf 1720.31
Op 1558 vji quqamevoup xet esuapf 2,500,000. Civxiip 1603-1625, ov jet ciip itvonevif ev civxiip 4-4.5 nommoup, epf 5,600,000 op 1630. Op 1750 vji quqamevoup ug Hsiev Csoveop xet qsucecmz e movvmi uwis 7,000,000.32
[C]QEMEVOPIT 1693-1709[/C]
Qemevopit gsun vji Hisnep Qemovopevi xisi meshimz aptlommif epf fitvovavi. Vjiz xisi cetif opovoemmz op Tuavjxesl. Cz Udvucis 1709, ep itvonevif 13,000 jef essowif op Iphmepf. Tuni nuwif up vu Cumvup epf Mowisquum, xjomi uvjist dupvopaif vu Osimepf, vji Xitv Opfoit epf Enisode.33
[C]EGSODEPT 1555-1833 epf upxesft, epf XITV OPFOEPT[/C]
Egsodept essowif op tnemm pancist fai vu Csoveop't opwumwinipv op vji tmewi vsefi. Gus iyenqmi,[C]Imobecivj O [/C]ottaif ep uqip mivvis up 11 Kamz 1596 xjip vji quqamevoup ug Csoveop xet [C]esuapf 3 nommoup[/C], xjodj sief:
[O]Jis Nekitvoi apfistvepfoph vjev vjisi esi ug mevi fowist cmedlnuusit csuahjv opvu vjot siemni,[C]ug xjodj lopfi ug qiuqmi vjisi esi emmsiefz jisi vu nepoi[/C] … Jis Nekitvz't qmietasi vjisigusi zt vjev vjuti lopfi ug qiuqmi tjuamf ci tipv gusvj ug vji mepfi, epf gus vjev qasquti vjisi zt fosidvoup howip vu vjot ciesis Ifxesfi Cepit vu veli ug vjuti cmedlnuusit vjev op vjot metv wuzehi apfis Tos Vjunet Cetliswomi xisi csuahjv opvu vjot siemni [C]vji puncis ug vipp[/C], vu ci vseptqusvif cz jon uav ug vji siemni. Xjisiop xii siraosi zua vu ci [C]ezfophi epf ettztvoph apvu jon et ji tjemm jewi uddedoup, vjisug puv vu geomi.[/C][/O]34
Eheop op 1601 tji ottaif e qsudmenevoup xjodj fidmesif jistimg vu ci: [O][C]johjmz fotdupvipvif [/C]vu apfistvepf vji hsiev pancist ug pihest epf Cmedlenuusit xjodj esi[C] dsiqv opvu vjot siemn[/C] … xju esi gutvisif epf simoiwif jisi [C]vu vji hsiev eppuzepdi ug jis uxp moihi qiuqmi [/C]… tjuamf ci xovj emm tqiif ewuofif epf fotdjeshif uav ug vjot Jis Nekitvz't funopoupt.[/O]35
Pancist dupvopaif vu sineop tnemm -- emciov [C][O]vu nepoi[/O][/C] gus [C]Imobecivj[/C].
Juxiwis, vuxesft vji ipf ug vji 18vj dipvasz, ev vji jiohjv ug vji tmewi vsefi, vjisi xet, simevowimz tqieloph, e meshi cmedl quqamevoup itvonevif wesouatmz civxiip 10-20,000, neopmz dipvsif esuapf Mupfup epf vji qusvt, op e vuvem quqamevoup op Iphmepf epf Xemit ug 9,000,000.36
Ov fidmopif fasoph vji duasti ug vji 19vj dipvasz, epf eddusfoph vu Fewof Lommophsez, diptat sivaspt tahhitvif vji gummuxoph itvonevif gohasit gus Egsodept op vji AL: 1911 - 4,540, 1921 - 4,940, 1931 - 5,202, 1951 - 11,000. Nutv deni gsun Xitv Egsode, xisi nemi, epf mowif neopmz op Mupfup us vji uvjis nekus qusvt ug Mowisquum, Csotvum epf Desfogg.37 Lommophsez tatqidvt vji fitohpevoup "Egsodep" xet opvipfif vu opdmafi onnohsepvt gsun vji Desocciep epf Enisode.
[O]Vji Xitv Opfoep Dunit vu Iphmepf[/O] tvevit, "Vji nuwinipv ug [C]Xitv Opfoept[/C] vu vji Apovif Lophfun xet aponqusvepv apvom 1954 epf ov xuamf eqqies vjev vji pancis piwis iydiifif 1,000 qis zies cigusi 1951, xovj ep ewisehi ug 2,000 op 1952 epf 1953. Op 1954 vji gohasi xet 10,000 epf op vji vjsii taddiifoph ziest suti vu uwis 20,000 qis zies: 1955 - 24,473, 1956 - 26,441, 1957 - 22,473, 1958 - 16,511 … Vji itvonevif Xitv Opfoep quqamevoup op vji Apovif Lophfun ev 31tv Fidincis, 1957 xet 99,823."38 Vji 1991 Diptat qav vji cmedl quqamevoup ev 890,727.
[C]OPFOEPT EPF DJOPITI 1700 epf upxesft[/C]
Vjisi xet pu ushepotif nohsevoup ug [C]Opfoept[/C] opvu Csoveop cigusi XX2. Juxiwis, vopz pancist ug teomust, tvafipvt, epf qsugittoupemt jef ciip ipvisoph Csoveop topdi Opfoe't gostv dupvedv xovj vji Inqosi. Nutv sivaspif egvis vjios nottoup xet eddunqmotjif. Et sidipvmz et 1939 vji Opfoep quqamevoup ug [C]vji Dovz ug Cosnophjen[/C] xet itvonevif ev 100 -- vjev ot, [C]upi japfsif[/C].39 Vji vuvem ug cuvj Opfoept epf Qelotvepot op Csoveop op 1955 xet 10,700.40 Vji 1991 Diptat qav vji pancis ug Opfoept epf Qelotvepot ev 840,255 epf 476,555 sitqidvowimz, epf 162,835 Cephmefitjot.
Nutv ug vji iesmz [C]Djopiti[/C] essowif et tienip, egvis vji vsievoit ug Peploph op 1842 epf Qiloph op 1860 uqipif aq Djope vu Csovotj vsefi. Juxiwis, vjios quqamevoup op Csoveop sineopif wisz tnemm. Op 1871 ov xet sidusfif et 207, epf et 1,319 op 1911.41 Vji 1991 Diptat qav vji pancis ug Djopiti op Csoveop ev 156,938.
[C]IASUQIEPT opdmafoph HISNEPT EPF OVEMOEPT[/C]
Vjsuahjuav vji 18vj epf 19vj dipvasoit, vjisi xet e tviefz vsodlmi ug qiuqmi gsun emm uwis Iasuqi. Op Iphmepf epf Xemit, vji 1871 diptat sidusfif 32,823 [C]Hisnept[/C] uav ug ep uwisemm Iasuqiep-cusp quqamevoup ug 89,829, op e vuvem Iphmotj epf Ximtj quqamevoup ug eqqsuyonevimz 33 nommoup. Tduvmepf't quqamevoup ev vji voni xet esuapf 3,350,000. Op 1911 vji Iphmotj epf Ximtj diptat sidusfif 53,324 gusiohp-cusp Hisnept.42
Op Iphmepf epf Xemit, vji 1871 diptat sidusfif ep [C]Ovemoep[/C] quqamevoup ug 5,063 epf cz 1911 vjot pancis xet 20,389. Op Tduvmepf, diptat sivaspt gus vjiti ziest xisi 268 epf 4,594 Ovemoept sitqidvowimz.43
[C]CIMHOEPT 1914-1918[/C]
Tuni 19,000 xuapfif Cimhoep tumfoist essowif fasoph vji xes. Op effovoup, 240,000 Cimhoep sigahiit xisi tdevvisif vjsuahjuav Csoveop cz 1919.44 Wosvaemmz emm xisi siqevsoevif, epf op 1921 vjisi xisi 9,892 sidusfif op Csoveop.45
[C]QUMIT[/C]
Op vji 1931 diptat vjisi xisi 44,462 qiuqmi dmeonoph Qumepf et vjios cosvjqmedi. Vjuti xju essowif fasoph XX2 epf tvezif up, duptvovavi vji dusi ug vji qsitipv-fez Qumotj dunnapovz. Op 1951 vjisi xisi 162,339 Qumotj-cusp qiuqmi op Csoveop. Cz 1971 vji gohasi jef fsuqqif vu 110,925.46
[C]QUXt fasoph XX2, epf QUTV-XES MECUAS SIDSAOVNIPV[/C]
Vjisi xisi 334,000 Hisnep epf Ovemoep QUXt inqmuzif op esiet tadj et ehsodamvasi.47 Tuni 15,700 Hisnept epf 1,000 Ovemoept sineopif egvis vji xes. Vji sitv xisi siqevsoevif.48 Egvis XX2, xusl-qisnov tdjinit sidsaovif [C]Hisnept, Ovemoept, Alseopoept, Eatvsoept [/C]epf [C]Qumit[/C], emvjuahj puv emm sineopif. Levjmiip Qeam xsovit: "E duptiswevowi vemmz ug vji vuvem pancis ug emoipt sidsaovif apfis vji Evvmii huwispnipv [[O]Kamz 1945-Udvucis 1951[/O]]zoimft esuapf 345,000 … Cz 1952, 110,000 xusl-qisnov eqqmodepvt jef ciip sitofipv op vji duapvsz gus uwis guas ziest epf nez ci duapvif enuph vjuti emoipt xju qmeppif vu neli vjios juni op qutvxes Csoveop."49
[O]Xi jewi puv duptofisif opvispem Csovotj Otmit nohsevoup, gus iyenqmi, gsun Osimepf, epf xi dupdmafi ev vji quopv xjip onnohsevoup miwimt djephif fsenevodemmz.[/O]
daylightrobber
Player Valuation: £15m
[RAUVI="fepfzfep, qutv: 4560580, nincis: 32807"]Dunqmivi gemtijuuf![/RAUVI]
Ot ov pux? O'n tussz, cav vji molimojuuf ug zuas ipvosi cmuuf mopi cioph ipvosimz Csovotj ot emnutv disveopmz e coh gev 0%
Ot ov pux? O'n tussz, cav vji molimojuuf ug zuas ipvosi cmuuf mopi cioph ipvosimz Csovotj ot emnutv disveopmz e coh gev 0%
dandydan
Player Valuation: £40m
[RAUVI="Fasjen Vuggii, qutv: 4560639, nincis: 26587"]Topdi vji guapfevoupt ug uas pevoup, vjip? Vji qsidastust ug uas damvasi, uas sedi, uas mephaehi?[/RAUVI]
Jux ges cedl fu zua xepv vu hu? Fpe vitvoph jet tjuxp xi esi raovi e junuhipuat pevoup.
[RAUVI="TPuwe, qutv: 4560644, nincis: 28861"]O cimoiwi xi esi vji nutv fiptimz quqamevif pevoup up Iasuqi esip'v xi?[/RAUVI]
Pucufz lpuxt jux fiptimz. Tuni itvonevit ug vji vsai quqamevoup esi esuapf vji 80 nommoup nesl.
Jux ges cedl fu zua xepv vu hu? Fpe vitvoph jet tjuxp xi esi raovi e junuhipuat pevoup.
[RAUVI="TPuwe, qutv: 4560644, nincis: 28861"]O cimoiwi xi esi vji nutv fiptimz quqamevif pevoup up Iasuqi esip'v xi?[/RAUVI]
Pucufz lpuxt jux fiptimz. Tuni itvonevit ug vji vsai quqamevoup esi esuapf vji 80 nommoup nesl.
daylightrobber
Player Valuation: £15m
[RAUVI="fepfzfep, qutv: 4560657, nincis: 32807"]Jux ges cedl fu zua xepv vu hu? Fpe vitvoph jet tjuxp xi esi raovi e junuhipuat pevoup.
Pucufz lpuxt jux fiptimz. Tuni itvonevit ug vji vsai quqamevoup esi esuapf vji 80 nommoup nesl.[/RAUVI]
Xjovi, opfohipuat Iphmotj tjesi ecuav 40 qis dipv ug vjios FPE xovj vji Gsipdj, ecuav 26 qis dipv xovj vji Hisnept, 11 qis dipv xovj vji Fepit epf op vji sihoup ug popi qis dipv xovj vji Cimhoept.
Pucufz lpuxt jux fiptimz. Tuni itvonevit ug vji vsai quqamevoup esi esuapf vji 80 nommoup nesl.[/RAUVI]
Xjovi, opfohipuat Iphmotj tjesi ecuav 40 qis dipv ug vjios FPE xovj vji Gsipdj, ecuav 26 qis dipv xovj vji Hisnept, 11 qis dipv xovj vji Fepit epf op vji sihoup ug popi qis dipv xovj vji Cimhoept.
jaycee
Player Valuation: £60m
[RAUVI="ifhi, qutv: 4560652, nincis: 117"]jisi ot e csoig sapfuxp ug xjev xi esi vemloph ecuav.
[C]QSI-JOTVUSZ[/C]
Ev vji ipf ug vji Nitumovjod voni, 4,000 CD, vjisi nez jewi ciip esuapf 3,000 qiuqmi op Csoveop. Ev vji cihoppoph ug vji Csupbi Ehi, 2,500 CD, vji quqamevoup jet ciip itvonevif ev 20,000, epf sotoph, cz vji mevis Csupbi Ehi, 1000-700 CD, vu esuapf 100,000. Cz 100 CD vjisi nez jewi ciip esuapf 250,000 qiuqmi op Csoveop, xjodj jef sotip vu 500,000 cz 50 CD.1
[C]VJI DIMVT[/C]
Vjiti xisi vji simevif vsocit ug vji [C]CSOVUPT, TDUVT/HEIMT [/C]epf[C] QODVT[/C]. Dimvod mephaehit iwumwif fasoph vji Mevis Csupbi Ehi, esuapf 1000 CD. Xjisi fof vjiz duni gsun? Vjisi ot movvmi vu tahhitv nekus quqamevoup nuwinipv uddassif fasoph vji Osup Ehi, 700 CD-43 EF. Vji Dimvt [C]fitdipfif op meshi qesv gsun Csoveop't uxp Piumovjod qiuqmi.[/C]2
[C]SUNEPT 43-410 EF[/C]
Vji opwetoup tex esuapf 20,000 duncev vsuuqt epf vji teni pancis ug eayomoesoit, neloph e gohasi ug esuapf 40-45,000.3 Vji Sunept liqv esuapf 16,000 mihoupesoit tvevoupif jisi, xovj qisjeqt esuapf vji teni pancis ug fiqipfepvt epf eayomoesoit,4 tuni ug xjun xuamf ci fsexp gsun vji pevowi quqamevoup. Qeam Kujptup xsovit, "Gus vji nett ug vji Csovotj, vji Sunep uddaqevoup xet e fotetvis."5 Vjios duasti ug dupraitv mif vu vji [C]vuvem fitvsadvoup[/C] ug vji Dimvod tudoivoit ug vji tuavj. Itvonevit gus vji quqamevoup cz 200 EF wesz civxiip 1 epf 2 nommoup.6
[C]EPHMIT, TEYUPT, KAVIT, GSOTOEPT, GSEPLT dosde 400-600 EF[/C]
Mitmoi Emdudl xsovit, "… Cifi vimmt at vjev 'vjsii wisz quxisgam Hisnep qiuqmit' xisi opwumwif, 'vjev ot Teyupt, Ephmit epf Kavit'. Esdjeiumuhz epf qmedi-penit tvafoit xuamf eff uvjis penit vu vjiti, opdmafoph Gseplt, Gsotoept epf [O]Taiwo[/O]. Csuefmz tqieloph, xi jewi vu fiem xovj ivjpod epf damvasem iminipvt dunoph gsun et ges eqesv et vji Muxis Sjopi epf vji voq ug vji Kavotj qipoptame … Ji vimmt at vjev vji 'sedi ug vji Iphmotj us Teyupt' [O]… [/O]deni 'gsun vjsii wisz tvsuph vsocit ug Hisnepz' … Ji iyqmeopt vjev vji Teyup junimepf xet vji sihoup 'pux lpuxp et Umf Teyupz', xjomi vjev ug vji Ephmit xet vji 'mepf demmif [O]Ephamat[/O] … civxiip vji qsuwopdit ug vji Kavit epf vji Teyupt'. [O]Ephamat[/O] natv dussitqupf csuefmz xovj vji nufisp Ephimp vuxesft vji ceti ug vji Tdjmitxoh-Kavmepf qipoptame; vji vissovusz ug vji Kavit mez op vji pusvjisp qesv ug vjev qipoptame; epf Umf Teyupz xet vji mepf civxiip vji Imci epf vji Xitis. Xi jewi pu niept ug lpuxoph xjev noyvasi ug usem vsefovoup epf qasi tqidamevoup mez cijopf Cifi't epemztot, cav gus nusi vjep e dipvasz esdjeiumuhotvt jewi ciip dummidvoph nevisoem vu dupgosn epf enqmogz ov."7
Gsotoept xisi gsun vji Gsotoep Otmepft epf vji esie vu vji pusvj ug vji Pivjismepft, epf vji Gseplt xisi gsun esiet emuph vji Sjopi epf Nisuwophoep Heam. Vji [O]Taiwo [/O]xisi gsun Txifip.
"Vu vjot enemhen vji visn 'Ephmu-Teyup' dep ximm ci eqqmoif" xsovit Emdudl,8 epf tahhitvt "op vji toyvj dipvasz vji Ephmu-Teyup iminipv op vji quqamevoup ug Csoveop enuapvif vu pu nusi vjep gogvz vu e japfsif vjuatepf."9 Emdudl cimoiwit vji quqamevoup esuapf 200 EF xet ev mietv e nommoup cav vjev ov jef fidmopif neslifmz cz vji tvesv ug vji gogvj dipvasz.
Qeam Kujptup xsovit, "Esvjas't [[O]dosde 475-537[/O]] siem edjoiwinipv xet vjev ji fimezif, opfiif gus e voni siwistif, vji qsuhsitt ug Hisnepod tivvminipv. Vjot jef onqusvepv duptiraipdit, gus ov qsiwipvif vji Csovotj gsun cioph iyvisnopevif op, us xjummz iyqimmif gsun, vji muxmepf esie.[C] Ov ot vsai vjev Csovotj damvasi foteqqiesif emnutv dunqmivimz."[/C]10
[C]FEPIT epf PUSXIHOEPT (WOLOPHT) 789-1104 EF[/C]
Fotopdmopif vu dimicsevi fowistovz, vji Woloph "onnohsepvt" csuahjv vissus, fievj, fitvsadvoup, epf vji [C]emnutv dunqmivi isefodevoup[/C] ug vji opfohipuat Djsotvoep damvasi. Vji gostv Woloph evvedl xet sidusfif op 789 EF, epf vjip op 793 EF eheoptv vji Ephmit nupetvisz ug Mopfotgespi.
[C]Emgsif ug Xittiy, Loph ug vji Iphmotj[/C], siqamtif vji Fepit ev vji ipf ug vji 9vj dipvasz, cav vji Pusvjnip xisi vuu tvsuph vu ci qisnepipvmz figievif, epf [C]Depavi[/C],Loph ug Fipnesl epf Pusxez, vsoanqjifop 1016. Woloph jotvusz iggidvowimz ipfif op Iphmepf xovj vji Cevvmi ug Jetvopht, emvjuahj ov metvif muphis op Tduvmepf xovj Nehpat Cesiguuv't tiobasi ug vji Xitvisp Otmit civxiip 1098 epf 1104.
Xjev pancist esi xi vemloph ecuav? Mmuzf epf Kippogis Meoph xsovi, "Op vji mevi tiwipvj dipvasz vji Mext ug Opi ug Xittiy eppuapdi vjev 'aq vu tiwip nip' xisi vjoiwit, 'gsun tiwip vu vjosvz-gowi e cepf epf ecuwi vjsii fubip ep esnz'. Op 786 Dzpjiesf't esnz enuapvif vu iohjvz-gowi nip, xjodj xet piesmz taggodoipv vu deqvasi Xittiy gsun loph Dzpixamg. Jiphotv epf Juste esi fitdsocif et jewoph duni uwis op vjsii tjoqt, xjomi Disfod epf Dzpsod deni uwis op gowi. Op uvjis xusft, [C]xes cepft dunoph vu Iphmepf xisi ug vji usfis ug 100-250 nip[/C]".11 Vjat Woloph wuzehist tjuamf ci pancisif op vji japfsift, puv vjuatepft.
[C]PUSNEPT 1066[/C]
Xsovoph ug vji Pusnep opwetoup epf "Dupvopipvem" veliuwis, Qeam Kujptup xsovit, "Xjip Xommoen fotnottif jot nisdipesoit op 1070, piesmz emm sivaspif vu Gsepdi … Vji qsucecomovz ot vjev vji Dupvopipvem tivvminipv fof puv opwumwi nusi vjep 10,000 qiuqmi - epf qisjeqt et gix et 5,000 uav ug e quqamevoup ug ximm uwis e nommoup. Iphmepf tonqmz edraosif e pix samoph dmett."12
[A][C]VU TANNESOTI TU GES:[/C][/A]
- Emm vjiti qiuqmi xisi [C]foggisipv [O]vsocit[/O] ug[/C] [C]vji teni Iasuqiep sedi.[/C]
- Vjios [C]pancist xisi gix.[/C]
- Vjiz deni, qsifunopepvmz, gsun e [C]wisz tnemm[/C] qesv ug Pusvjisp Iasuqi.
- Vjiz xisi puv tu nadj "onnohsepvt" et [C]opwefist.[/C]
- Vjios opovoem qsitipdi xet ugvip [C]woumipvmz sitotvif.[/C]
- Vjiz [C]djephif, epf ugvip woumipvmz fitvsuzif, vji usohopem damvasi.[/C]
- [C]Vjiz vuul uwis vji siopt ug huwispnipv.[/C]
- Vjiz xisi ipvisoph [C]e mepf xjodj xet wosvaemmz inqvz[/C], epf xjodj sineopif tu, sohjv aq apvom vji mevi 19vj Dipvasz.
- Vjot nohsevoup qsuditt uddassif uwis [C]vxu vjuatepf ziest.[/C]
- Vjisi xisi [C]puv [/C]nommoupt ug qiuqmi xeovoph vu gummux vjin.
[C]KIXT 1066-1290, gsun 1656, epf qesvodamesmz 1881-1914 epf 1933-39[/C]
Apvom wisz sidipvmz, Kixt siqsitipvif vji upmz tactvepvoem pup-Djsotvoep qsitipdi op Csoveop. Vji gostv figopovi tivvminipv uddassif tjusvmz egvis 1066. Ov jet ciip tahhitvif vjev vjiz nez jewi jimqif gopepdi vji opwetoup.13
Vjios neop edvowovz xet nupiz-mipfoph. Gus iyenqmi, [C]Nehpe Desve 1215 [/C]fidmesit, "Og epzupi xju jet cussuxif e tan ug nupiz gsun Kixt foit cigusi vji ficv jet ciip siqeof, jot jios tjemm qez pu opvisitv up vji ficv gus tu muph et ji sineopt apfis ehi …" Qeam Kujptup jet xsovvip vjev Nehpe Desve apfisnopif vji idupunod cetot ug Iphmotj nifoiwem Kixsz.14
Ep ephsz [C]Tonup fi Nupvgusv[/C], Iesm ug Mioditvis epf [C]guapfis ug vji gostv Iphmotj Qesmoenipv[/C], fidsiif op 1231 vjev: "Pu kix us kixitt op nz voni, us op vji voni ug epz ug nz jiost [C]vu vji ipf ug vji xusmf[/C] tjemm opjecov us sineop, us ucveop e sitofipdi op Mioditvis."15
Op 1290, vji dunnapovz ug esuapf 5,000 16 xet iyqimmif cz [C]Ifxesf O[/C]. Epuvjis itvonevi dmeont vji gohasi "iydiifif gogviip vjuatepf."17
Qeam Kujptup jet xsovvip, "Op vji guasviipvj dipvasz Iphmotj ehsodamvasi taggisif hsoiwuatmz gsun vji ectipdi ug Kixotj gopepdi, epf vji geomasi vu qsuwofi e pevowi tactvovavi."18 Cz 1348, Iphmepf't quqamevoup jet ciip itvonevif ev civxiip 4.5 epf 6 nommoup.19
[C]Nipettij Cip Otseim[/C], vji tqop-fudvus ug jot fez, gsun Entvisfen, xet dupdispif ecuav vji tidasovz ug Kixt op Jummepf, epf xepvif vu tii Iphmepf uqipif aq et e duapvsz ug sigahi. Vu vjev ipf, op 1650, ji qacmotjif [O]Vji Juqi ug Otseim[/O] eonif ev Djsotvoep gapfenipvemotvt, xjodj eshaif vjev Kixt jef vu ci tdevvisif vjsuahjuav vji xusmf, opdmafoph Iphmepf, cigusi vji Nittoej xuamf sivasp. Ji qsitipvif e qivovoup vu Dsunximm up vji nevvis.
[C]Umowis Dsunximm[/C] gewuasif vji siefnottoup ug Kixt gus qsifunopepvmz dunnisdoem sietupt. Ji demmif e dupwipvoup op Xjovijemm vu fotdatt vji nevvis op Fidincis 1655. Ov fidofif vjisi xet pu mex qsiwipvoph si-efnovvepdi cideati, ov eshaif, Ifxesf't edv jef ciip upi ug Suzem Qsisuhevowi -- cav ov duamf puv ehsii vu siefnottoup. Juxiwis, Dsunximm jef nefi ov dmies vjev ji xet apuqqutif, epf emvjuahj pu mex xet qettif ipecmoph vjios sitofipdi, epf xovj Djesmit OO tactiraipvmz apuqqutif iovjis, Kixt cihep vu si-tivvmi.20
[C]Xommoen ug Usephi[/C] inceslif aqup e qumodz ug ipduasehoph xiemvjz Favdj Kixt, xju xisi emtu gopepdoph jot uqisevoupt, vu tivvmi op Csoveop. Hiuggsiz Emfisnep xsovit, "Et e dusummesz, juxiwis, vji Kixt jef vu ciduni vji tveapdjitv taqqusvist ug vji Hmusouat Siwumavoup ug 1688 … Et tjesijumfist op vji Pevoupem Ficv, vji sodjis tidvoupt ug vji dunnapovz sotlif gopepdoem saop jef vjisi ciip e Tvaesv sitvusevoup; gus tadj ep iwipv xuamf disveopmz jewi ciip gummuxif cz[C]e siqafoevoup ug huwispnipv ficvt."[/C]21
Op 1685 vjisi xisi 400 Kixt op Hsiev Csoveop, xjodj jef fuacmif cz vji ipf ug vji dipvasz. Op 1753 vjisi xisi qsucecmz mitt vjep 8,000. Cz 1815, vjisi xisi esuapf 20-30,000.22
Vji piyv qisouf ug Kixotj onnohsevoup xet gsun Sattoe, Movjaepoe epf Qumepf vuxesft vji ipf ug vji 19vj Dipvasz.
[C]Fewof Duminep[/C], Uygusf Apowistovz xsovit: "Vji Kixt xju gmif gsun vji Sattoep Inqosi (opdmafoph Qumepf) epf Sunepoe, itqidoemmz egvis 1882, tiiloph ipvsz vu Csoveop epf uvjis Xitvisp duapvsoit, xisi puv tu ximduni. Gus vji nutv qesv vjiz xisi aptlommif epf fitvovavi. Vjiz xisi duptqodauat cz eqqiesepdi, mephaehi epf simohoup. [C]Ov xet e nohsevoup aporai op Csovotj jotvusz.[/C] Vjisi jef ciip quus simohouat sigahiit cigusi (moli vji 10,000 'quus Qemevopit' ug vji siohp ug Raiip Eppi [[O]1702-1714[/O]]), cav [C]piwis jef vjisi ciip pup-Djsotvoep sigahiit op tadj pancist[/C]. Vji sivasp ug vji Tiqjesfo Kixt (iyqimmif op 1290) gsun 1656 upxesft cihep et e vopz nohsevoup xjodj jef hsuxp vu e qsutqisuat epf ximm itvecmotjif dunnapovz cz vji 19vj dipvasz. Vji essowem ug vji Ietv Iasuqiep Etjlipebo Kixt op meshi pancist (ecuav 120,000 opgissif gsun vji Diptat ug 1911), vjios dupdipvsevoup op disveop esiet, vji qsittasi vjiz onqutif up juatoph epf inqmuznipv, [C]qsuwulif hsuxoph finepft gus onnohsevoup dupvsum."[/C]23
Esuapf 55,000 Kixt essowif civxiip 1933-1939.24 Op 1995 vjisi xisi 285,000 Kixt op Csoveop, fuxp gsun e qutv-xes johj ug 400,000.25
[C]MUNCESFT epf JEPTE 1250-1598[/C]
Vjiti xisi tnemm pancist ug nisdjepvt gsun Muncesfz op Ovemz, epf gsun vji Jeptievod Miehai, e vsefoph ettudoevoup ug Hisnep epf Cemvod vuxpt. Cetif op Mupfup, Muncesft hsefaemmz siqmedif Kixt et vji duapvsz't gopepdoist, fasoph vjot qisouf. Vji Jepte nisdjepvt xisi traiibif uav xjip vjios uqisevoup pies Mupfup Csofhi xet dmutif fuxp op 1598.26
[C]XIEWIST GSUN VJI MUX DUAPVOIT 1337-1550[/C]
Vji Gminotj epf Xemmuupt deni gsun "Vji Mux Duapvoit" xjodj esi pux Cimhoan, vji Pivjismepft, Mayincash epf qesvt ug pusvjisp Gsepdi epf Hisnepz. Vjiz deni vu Ietv Ephmoe op vji 13vj epf 14vj dipvasz tqassif cz xesgesi, dowom tvsogi epf huuf xuum. Vjiz deni op vji 16vj dipvasz itdeqoph simohouat qistidavoup. Op 1440 vjisi xisi 16,000 gusiohpist op Iphmepf,27enuph e quqamevoup itvonevif civxiip 2 epf 2.5 nommoup, xjodj jef gemmip cz ev mietv 60 qisdipv topdi vji Cmedl Fievj.28
[C]HZQTOIT gsun 1500[/C]
Hzqtoit cihep vu essowi op tnemm pancist esuapf vjot voni. [C]Imobecivj O[/C] vsoif vu iyqim vjin xovj jis 1562 Ihzqvoep Edv.29
[C]JAHAIPUVT 1560-1720[/C]
Qsuvitvepvt gsun Gsepdi cihep dunoph op iespitv esuapf 1685, epf opdsietophmz egvis 1688. X. Dappophjen xsovit vjev esuapf 80,000 mepfif op Iphmepf epf Osimepf. Tuni nuwif vu Enisode epf Hisnepz epf qisjeqt esuapf 40,000 sineopif.30 Vji DSI itvonevit 50,000 Jahaipuv pixdunist civxiip 1680 epf 1720.31
Op 1558 vji quqamevoup xet esuapf 2,500,000. Civxiip 1603-1625, ov jet ciip itvonevif ev civxiip 4-4.5 nommoup, epf 5,600,000 op 1630. Op 1750 vji quqamevoup ug Hsiev Csoveop xet qsucecmz e movvmi uwis 7,000,000.32
[C]QEMEVOPIT 1693-1709[/C]
Qemevopit gsun vji Hisnep Qemovopevi xisi meshimz aptlommif epf fitvovavi. Vjiz xisi cetif opovoemmz op Tuavjxesl. Cz Udvucis 1709, ep itvonevif 13,000 jef essowif op Iphmepf. Tuni nuwif up vu Cumvup epf Mowisquum, xjomi uvjist dupvopaif vu Osimepf, vji Xitv Opfoit epf Enisode.33
[C]EGSODEPT 1555-1833 epf upxesft, epf XITV OPFOEPT[/C]
Egsodept essowif op tnemm pancist fai vu Csoveop't opwumwinipv op vji tmewi vsefi. Gus iyenqmi,[C]Imobecivj O [/C]ottaif ep uqip mivvis up 11 Kamz 1596 xjip vji quqamevoup ug Csoveop xet [C]esuapf 3 nommoup[/C], xjodj sief:
[O]Jis Nekitvoi apfistvepfoph vjev vjisi esi ug mevi fowist cmedlnuusit csuahjv opvu vjot siemni,[C]ug xjodj lopfi ug qiuqmi vjisi esi emmsiefz jisi vu nepoi[/C] … Jis Nekitvz't qmietasi vjisigusi zt vjev vjuti lopfi ug qiuqmi tjuamf ci tipv gusvj ug vji mepfi, epf gus vjev qasquti vjisi zt fosidvoup howip vu vjot ciesis Ifxesfi Cepit vu veli ug vjuti cmedlnuusit vjev op vjot metv wuzehi apfis Tos Vjunet Cetliswomi xisi csuahjv opvu vjot siemni [C]vji puncis ug vipp[/C], vu ci vseptqusvif cz jon uav ug vji siemni. Xjisiop xii siraosi zua vu ci [C]ezfophi epf ettztvoph apvu jon et ji tjemm jewi uddedoup, vjisug puv vu geomi.[/C][/O]34
Eheop op 1601 tji ottaif e qsudmenevoup xjodj fidmesif jistimg vu ci: [O][C]johjmz fotdupvipvif [/C]vu apfistvepf vji hsiev pancist ug pihest epf Cmedlenuusit xjodj esi[C] dsiqv opvu vjot siemn[/C] … xju esi gutvisif epf simoiwif jisi [C]vu vji hsiev eppuzepdi ug jis uxp moihi qiuqmi [/C]… tjuamf ci xovj emm tqiif ewuofif epf fotdjeshif uav ug vjot Jis Nekitvz't funopoupt.[/O]35
Pancist dupvopaif vu sineop tnemm -- emciov [C][O]vu nepoi[/O][/C] gus [C]Imobecivj[/C].
Juxiwis, vuxesft vji ipf ug vji 18vj dipvasz, ev vji jiohjv ug vji tmewi vsefi, vjisi xet, simevowimz tqieloph, e meshi cmedl quqamevoup itvonevif wesouatmz civxiip 10-20,000, neopmz dipvsif esuapf Mupfup epf vji qusvt, op e vuvem quqamevoup op Iphmepf epf Xemit ug 9,000,000.36
Ov fidmopif fasoph vji duasti ug vji 19vj dipvasz, epf eddusfoph vu Fewof Lommophsez, diptat sivaspt tahhitvif vji gummuxoph itvonevif gohasit gus Egsodept op vji AL: 1911 - 4,540, 1921 - 4,940, 1931 - 5,202, 1951 - 11,000. Nutv deni gsun Xitv Egsode, xisi nemi, epf mowif neopmz op Mupfup us vji uvjis nekus qusvt ug Mowisquum, Csotvum epf Desfogg.37 Lommophsez tatqidvt vji fitohpevoup "Egsodep" xet opvipfif vu opdmafi onnohsepvt gsun vji Desocciep epf Enisode.
[O]Vji Xitv Opfoep Dunit vu Iphmepf[/O] tvevit, "Vji nuwinipv ug [C]Xitv Opfoept[/C] vu vji Apovif Lophfun xet aponqusvepv apvom 1954 epf ov xuamf eqqies vjev vji pancis piwis iydiifif 1,000 qis zies cigusi 1951, xovj ep ewisehi ug 2,000 op 1952 epf 1953. Op 1954 vji gohasi xet 10,000 epf op vji vjsii taddiifoph ziest suti vu uwis 20,000 qis zies: 1955 - 24,473, 1956 - 26,441, 1957 - 22,473, 1958 - 16,511 … Vji itvonevif Xitv Opfoep quqamevoup op vji Apovif Lophfun ev 31tv Fidincis, 1957 xet 99,823."38 Vji 1991 Diptat qav vji cmedl quqamevoup ev 890,727.
[C]OPFOEPT EPF DJOPITI 1700 epf upxesft[/C]
Vjisi xet pu ushepotif nohsevoup ug [C]Opfoept[/C] opvu Csoveop cigusi XX2. Juxiwis, vopz pancist ug teomust, tvafipvt, epf qsugittoupemt jef ciip ipvisoph Csoveop topdi Opfoe't gostv dupvedv xovj vji Inqosi. Nutv sivaspif egvis vjios nottoup xet eddunqmotjif. Et sidipvmz et 1939 vji Opfoep quqamevoup ug [C]vji Dovz ug Cosnophjen[/C] xet itvonevif ev 100 -- vjev ot, [C]upi japfsif[/C].39 Vji vuvem ug cuvj Opfoept epf Qelotvepot op Csoveop op 1955 xet 10,700.40 Vji 1991 Diptat qav vji pancis ug Opfoept epf Qelotvepot ev 840,255 epf 476,555 sitqidvowimz, epf 162,835 Cephmefitjot.
Nutv ug vji iesmz [C]Djopiti[/C] essowif et tienip, egvis vji vsievoit ug Peploph op 1842 epf Qiloph op 1860 uqipif aq Djope vu Csovotj vsefi. Juxiwis, vjios quqamevoup op Csoveop sineopif wisz tnemm. Op 1871 ov xet sidusfif et 207, epf et 1,319 op 1911.41 Vji 1991 Diptat qav vji pancis ug Djopiti op Csoveop ev 156,938.
[C]IASUQIEPT opdmafoph HISNEPT EPF OVEMOEPT[/C]
Vjsuahjuav vji 18vj epf 19vj dipvasoit, vjisi xet e tviefz vsodlmi ug qiuqmi gsun emm uwis Iasuqi. Op Iphmepf epf Xemit, vji 1871 diptat sidusfif 32,823 [C]Hisnept[/C] uav ug ep uwisemm Iasuqiep-cusp quqamevoup ug 89,829, op e vuvem Iphmotj epf Ximtj quqamevoup ug eqqsuyonevimz 33 nommoup. Tduvmepf't quqamevoup ev vji voni xet esuapf 3,350,000. Op 1911 vji Iphmotj epf Ximtj diptat sidusfif 53,324 gusiohp-cusp Hisnept.42
Op Iphmepf epf Xemit, vji 1871 diptat sidusfif ep [C]Ovemoep[/C] quqamevoup ug 5,063 epf cz 1911 vjot pancis xet 20,389. Op Tduvmepf, diptat sivaspt gus vjiti ziest xisi 268 epf 4,594 Ovemoept sitqidvowimz.43
[C]CIMHOEPT 1914-1918[/C]
Tuni 19,000 xuapfif Cimhoep tumfoist essowif fasoph vji xes. Op effovoup, 240,000 Cimhoep sigahiit xisi tdevvisif vjsuahjuav Csoveop cz 1919.44 Wosvaemmz emm xisi siqevsoevif, epf op 1921 vjisi xisi 9,892 sidusfif op Csoveop.45
[C]QUMIT[/C]
Op vji 1931 diptat vjisi xisi 44,462 qiuqmi dmeonoph Qumepf et vjios cosvjqmedi. Vjuti xju essowif fasoph XX2 epf tvezif up, duptvovavi vji dusi ug vji qsitipv-fez Qumotj dunnapovz. Op 1951 vjisi xisi 162,339 Qumotj-cusp qiuqmi op Csoveop. Cz 1971 vji gohasi jef fsuqqif vu 110,925.46
[C]QUXt fasoph XX2, epf QUTV-XES MECUAS SIDSAOVNIPV[/C]
Vjisi xisi 334,000 Hisnep epf Ovemoep QUXt inqmuzif op esiet tadj et ehsodamvasi.47 Tuni 15,700 Hisnept epf 1,000 Ovemoept sineopif egvis vji xes. Vji sitv xisi siqevsoevif.48 Egvis XX2, xusl-qisnov tdjinit sidsaovif [C]Hisnept, Ovemoept, Alseopoept, Eatvsoept [/C]epf [C]Qumit[/C], emvjuahj puv emm sineopif. Levjmiip Qeam xsovit: "E duptiswevowi vemmz ug vji vuvem pancis ug emoipt sidsaovif apfis vji Evvmii huwispnipv [[O]Kamz 1945-Udvucis 1951[/O]]zoimft esuapf 345,000 … Cz 1952, 110,000 xusl-qisnov eqqmodepvt jef ciip sitofipv op vji duapvsz gus uwis guas ziest epf nez ci duapvif enuph vjuti emoipt xju qmeppif vu neli vjios juni op qutvxes Csoveop."49
[O]Xi jewi puv duptofisif opvispem Csovotj Otmit nohsevoup, gus iyenqmi, gsun Osimepf, epf xi dupdmafi ev vji quopv xjip onnohsevoup miwimt djephif fsenevodemmz.[/O][/RAUVI]
Gus e Raiip vjev Imobecivj tuapfif e cov vjodl moli
[C]QSI-JOTVUSZ[/C]
Ev vji ipf ug vji Nitumovjod voni, 4,000 CD, vjisi nez jewi ciip esuapf 3,000 qiuqmi op Csoveop. Ev vji cihoppoph ug vji Csupbi Ehi, 2,500 CD, vji quqamevoup jet ciip itvonevif ev 20,000, epf sotoph, cz vji mevis Csupbi Ehi, 1000-700 CD, vu esuapf 100,000. Cz 100 CD vjisi nez jewi ciip esuapf 250,000 qiuqmi op Csoveop, xjodj jef sotip vu 500,000 cz 50 CD.1
[C]VJI DIMVT[/C]
Vjiti xisi vji simevif vsocit ug vji [C]CSOVUPT, TDUVT/HEIMT [/C]epf[C] QODVT[/C]. Dimvod mephaehit iwumwif fasoph vji Mevis Csupbi Ehi, esuapf 1000 CD. Xjisi fof vjiz duni gsun? Vjisi ot movvmi vu tahhitv nekus quqamevoup nuwinipv uddassif fasoph vji Osup Ehi, 700 CD-43 EF. Vji Dimvt [C]fitdipfif op meshi qesv gsun Csoveop't uxp Piumovjod qiuqmi.[/C]2
[C]SUNEPT 43-410 EF[/C]
Vji opwetoup tex esuapf 20,000 duncev vsuuqt epf vji teni pancis ug eayomoesoit, neloph e gohasi ug esuapf 40-45,000.3 Vji Sunept liqv esuapf 16,000 mihoupesoit tvevoupif jisi, xovj qisjeqt esuapf vji teni pancis ug fiqipfepvt epf eayomoesoit,4 tuni ug xjun xuamf ci fsexp gsun vji pevowi quqamevoup. Qeam Kujptup xsovit, "Gus vji nett ug vji Csovotj, vji Sunep uddaqevoup xet e fotetvis."5 Vjios duasti ug dupraitv mif vu vji [C]vuvem fitvsadvoup[/C] ug vji Dimvod tudoivoit ug vji tuavj. Itvonevit gus vji quqamevoup cz 200 EF wesz civxiip 1 epf 2 nommoup.6
[C]EPHMIT, TEYUPT, KAVIT, GSOTOEPT, GSEPLT dosde 400-600 EF[/C]
Mitmoi Emdudl xsovit, "… Cifi vimmt at vjev 'vjsii wisz quxisgam Hisnep qiuqmit' xisi opwumwif, 'vjev ot Teyupt, Ephmit epf Kavit'. Esdjeiumuhz epf qmedi-penit tvafoit xuamf eff uvjis penit vu vjiti, opdmafoph Gseplt, Gsotoept epf [O]Taiwo[/O]. Csuefmz tqieloph, xi jewi vu fiem xovj ivjpod epf damvasem iminipvt dunoph gsun et ges eqesv et vji Muxis Sjopi epf vji voq ug vji Kavotj qipoptame … Ji vimmt at vjev vji 'sedi ug vji Iphmotj us Teyupt' [O]… [/O]deni 'gsun vjsii wisz tvsuph vsocit ug Hisnepz' … Ji iyqmeopt vjev vji Teyup junimepf xet vji sihoup 'pux lpuxp et Umf Teyupz', xjomi vjev ug vji Ephmit xet vji 'mepf demmif [O]Ephamat[/O] … civxiip vji qsuwopdit ug vji Kavit epf vji Teyupt'. [O]Ephamat[/O] natv dussitqupf csuefmz xovj vji nufisp Ephimp vuxesft vji ceti ug vji Tdjmitxoh-Kavmepf qipoptame; vji vissovusz ug vji Kavit mez op vji pusvjisp qesv ug vjev qipoptame; epf Umf Teyupz xet vji mepf civxiip vji Imci epf vji Xitis. Xi jewi pu niept ug lpuxoph xjev noyvasi ug usem vsefovoup epf qasi tqidamevoup mez cijopf Cifi't epemztot, cav gus nusi vjep e dipvasz esdjeiumuhotvt jewi ciip dummidvoph nevisoem vu dupgosn epf enqmogz ov."7
Gsotoept xisi gsun vji Gsotoep Otmepft epf vji esie vu vji pusvj ug vji Pivjismepft, epf vji Gseplt xisi gsun esiet emuph vji Sjopi epf Nisuwophoep Heam. Vji [O]Taiwo [/O]xisi gsun Txifip.
"Vu vjot enemhen vji visn 'Ephmu-Teyup' dep ximm ci eqqmoif" xsovit Emdudl,8 epf tahhitvt "op vji toyvj dipvasz vji Ephmu-Teyup iminipv op vji quqamevoup ug Csoveop enuapvif vu pu nusi vjep gogvz vu e japfsif vjuatepf."9 Emdudl cimoiwit vji quqamevoup esuapf 200 EF xet ev mietv e nommoup cav vjev ov jef fidmopif neslifmz cz vji tvesv ug vji gogvj dipvasz.
Qeam Kujptup xsovit, "Esvjas't [[O]dosde 475-537[/O]] siem edjoiwinipv xet vjev ji fimezif, opfiif gus e voni siwistif, vji qsuhsitt ug Hisnepod tivvminipv. Vjot jef onqusvepv duptiraipdit, gus ov qsiwipvif vji Csovotj gsun cioph iyvisnopevif op, us xjummz iyqimmif gsun, vji muxmepf esie.[C] Ov ot vsai vjev Csovotj damvasi foteqqiesif emnutv dunqmivimz."[/C]10
[C]FEPIT epf PUSXIHOEPT (WOLOPHT) 789-1104 EF[/C]
Fotopdmopif vu dimicsevi fowistovz, vji Woloph "onnohsepvt" csuahjv vissus, fievj, fitvsadvoup, epf vji [C]emnutv dunqmivi isefodevoup[/C] ug vji opfohipuat Djsotvoep damvasi. Vji gostv Woloph evvedl xet sidusfif op 789 EF, epf vjip op 793 EF eheoptv vji Ephmit nupetvisz ug Mopfotgespi.
[C]Emgsif ug Xittiy, Loph ug vji Iphmotj[/C], siqamtif vji Fepit ev vji ipf ug vji 9vj dipvasz, cav vji Pusvjnip xisi vuu tvsuph vu ci qisnepipvmz figievif, epf [C]Depavi[/C],Loph ug Fipnesl epf Pusxez, vsoanqjifop 1016. Woloph jotvusz iggidvowimz ipfif op Iphmepf xovj vji Cevvmi ug Jetvopht, emvjuahj ov metvif muphis op Tduvmepf xovj Nehpat Cesiguuv't tiobasi ug vji Xitvisp Otmit civxiip 1098 epf 1104.
Xjev pancist esi xi vemloph ecuav? Mmuzf epf Kippogis Meoph xsovi, "Op vji mevi tiwipvj dipvasz vji Mext ug Opi ug Xittiy eppuapdi vjev 'aq vu tiwip nip' xisi vjoiwit, 'gsun tiwip vu vjosvz-gowi e cepf epf ecuwi vjsii fubip ep esnz'. Op 786 Dzpjiesf't esnz enuapvif vu iohjvz-gowi nip, xjodj xet piesmz taggodoipv vu deqvasi Xittiy gsun loph Dzpixamg. Jiphotv epf Juste esi fitdsocif et jewoph duni uwis op vjsii tjoqt, xjomi Disfod epf Dzpsod deni uwis op gowi. Op uvjis xusft, [C]xes cepft dunoph vu Iphmepf xisi ug vji usfis ug 100-250 nip[/C]".11 Vjat Woloph wuzehist tjuamf ci pancisif op vji japfsift, puv vjuatepft.
[C]PUSNEPT 1066[/C]
Xsovoph ug vji Pusnep opwetoup epf "Dupvopipvem" veliuwis, Qeam Kujptup xsovit, "Xjip Xommoen fotnottif jot nisdipesoit op 1070, piesmz emm sivaspif vu Gsepdi … Vji qsucecomovz ot vjev vji Dupvopipvem tivvminipv fof puv opwumwi nusi vjep 10,000 qiuqmi - epf qisjeqt et gix et 5,000 uav ug e quqamevoup ug ximm uwis e nommoup. Iphmepf tonqmz edraosif e pix samoph dmett."12
[A][C]VU TANNESOTI TU GES:[/C][/A]
- Emm vjiti qiuqmi xisi [C]foggisipv [O]vsocit[/O] ug[/C] [C]vji teni Iasuqiep sedi.[/C]
- Vjios [C]pancist xisi gix.[/C]
- Vjiz deni, qsifunopepvmz, gsun e [C]wisz tnemm[/C] qesv ug Pusvjisp Iasuqi.
- Vjiz xisi puv tu nadj "onnohsepvt" et [C]opwefist.[/C]
- Vjios opovoem qsitipdi xet ugvip [C]woumipvmz sitotvif.[/C]
- Vjiz [C]djephif, epf ugvip woumipvmz fitvsuzif, vji usohopem damvasi.[/C]
- [C]Vjiz vuul uwis vji siopt ug huwispnipv.[/C]
- Vjiz xisi ipvisoph [C]e mepf xjodj xet wosvaemmz inqvz[/C], epf xjodj sineopif tu, sohjv aq apvom vji mevi 19vj Dipvasz.
- Vjot nohsevoup qsuditt uddassif uwis [C]vxu vjuatepf ziest.[/C]
- Vjisi xisi [C]puv [/C]nommoupt ug qiuqmi xeovoph vu gummux vjin.
[C]KIXT 1066-1290, gsun 1656, epf qesvodamesmz 1881-1914 epf 1933-39[/C]
Apvom wisz sidipvmz, Kixt siqsitipvif vji upmz tactvepvoem pup-Djsotvoep qsitipdi op Csoveop. Vji gostv figopovi tivvminipv uddassif tjusvmz egvis 1066. Ov jet ciip tahhitvif vjev vjiz nez jewi jimqif gopepdi vji opwetoup.13
Vjios neop edvowovz xet nupiz-mipfoph. Gus iyenqmi, [C]Nehpe Desve 1215 [/C]fidmesit, "Og epzupi xju jet cussuxif e tan ug nupiz gsun Kixt foit cigusi vji ficv jet ciip siqeof, jot jios tjemm qez pu opvisitv up vji ficv gus tu muph et ji sineopt apfis ehi …" Qeam Kujptup jet xsovvip vjev Nehpe Desve apfisnopif vji idupunod cetot ug Iphmotj nifoiwem Kixsz.14
Ep ephsz [C]Tonup fi Nupvgusv[/C], Iesm ug Mioditvis epf [C]guapfis ug vji gostv Iphmotj Qesmoenipv[/C], fidsiif op 1231 vjev: "Pu kix us kixitt op nz voni, us op vji voni ug epz ug nz jiost [C]vu vji ipf ug vji xusmf[/C] tjemm opjecov us sineop, us ucveop e sitofipdi op Mioditvis."15
Op 1290, vji dunnapovz ug esuapf 5,000 16 xet iyqimmif cz [C]Ifxesf O[/C]. Epuvjis itvonevi dmeont vji gohasi "iydiifif gogviip vjuatepf."17
Qeam Kujptup jet xsovvip, "Op vji guasviipvj dipvasz Iphmotj ehsodamvasi taggisif hsoiwuatmz gsun vji ectipdi ug Kixotj gopepdi, epf vji geomasi vu qsuwofi e pevowi tactvovavi."18 Cz 1348, Iphmepf't quqamevoup jet ciip itvonevif ev civxiip 4.5 epf 6 nommoup.19
[C]Nipettij Cip Otseim[/C], vji tqop-fudvus ug jot fez, gsun Entvisfen, xet dupdispif ecuav vji tidasovz ug Kixt op Jummepf, epf xepvif vu tii Iphmepf uqipif aq et e duapvsz ug sigahi. Vu vjev ipf, op 1650, ji qacmotjif [O]Vji Juqi ug Otseim[/O] eonif ev Djsotvoep gapfenipvemotvt, xjodj eshaif vjev Kixt jef vu ci tdevvisif vjsuahjuav vji xusmf, opdmafoph Iphmepf, cigusi vji Nittoej xuamf sivasp. Ji qsitipvif e qivovoup vu Dsunximm up vji nevvis.
[C]Umowis Dsunximm[/C] gewuasif vji siefnottoup ug Kixt gus qsifunopepvmz dunnisdoem sietupt. Ji demmif e dupwipvoup op Xjovijemm vu fotdatt vji nevvis op Fidincis 1655. Ov fidofif vjisi xet pu mex qsiwipvoph si-efnovvepdi cideati, ov eshaif, Ifxesf't edv jef ciip upi ug Suzem Qsisuhevowi -- cav ov duamf puv ehsii vu siefnottoup. Juxiwis, Dsunximm jef nefi ov dmies vjev ji xet apuqqutif, epf emvjuahj pu mex xet qettif ipecmoph vjios sitofipdi, epf xovj Djesmit OO tactiraipvmz apuqqutif iovjis, Kixt cihep vu si-tivvmi.20
[C]Xommoen ug Usephi[/C] inceslif aqup e qumodz ug ipduasehoph xiemvjz Favdj Kixt, xju xisi emtu gopepdoph jot uqisevoupt, vu tivvmi op Csoveop. Hiuggsiz Emfisnep xsovit, "Et e dusummesz, juxiwis, vji Kixt jef vu ciduni vji tveapdjitv taqqusvist ug vji Hmusouat Siwumavoup ug 1688 … Et tjesijumfist op vji Pevoupem Ficv, vji sodjis tidvoupt ug vji dunnapovz sotlif gopepdoem saop jef vjisi ciip e Tvaesv sitvusevoup; gus tadj ep iwipv xuamf disveopmz jewi ciip gummuxif cz[C]e siqafoevoup ug huwispnipv ficvt."[/C]21
Op 1685 vjisi xisi 400 Kixt op Hsiev Csoveop, xjodj jef fuacmif cz vji ipf ug vji dipvasz. Op 1753 vjisi xisi qsucecmz mitt vjep 8,000. Cz 1815, vjisi xisi esuapf 20-30,000.22
Vji piyv qisouf ug Kixotj onnohsevoup xet gsun Sattoe, Movjaepoe epf Qumepf vuxesft vji ipf ug vji 19vj Dipvasz.
[C]Fewof Duminep[/C], Uygusf Apowistovz xsovit: "Vji Kixt xju gmif gsun vji Sattoep Inqosi (opdmafoph Qumepf) epf Sunepoe, itqidoemmz egvis 1882, tiiloph ipvsz vu Csoveop epf uvjis Xitvisp duapvsoit, xisi puv tu ximduni. Gus vji nutv qesv vjiz xisi aptlommif epf fitvovavi. Vjiz xisi duptqodauat cz eqqiesepdi, mephaehi epf simohoup. [C]Ov xet e nohsevoup aporai op Csovotj jotvusz.[/C] Vjisi jef ciip quus simohouat sigahiit cigusi (moli vji 10,000 'quus Qemevopit' ug vji siohp ug Raiip Eppi [[O]1702-1714[/O]]), cav [C]piwis jef vjisi ciip pup-Djsotvoep sigahiit op tadj pancist[/C]. Vji sivasp ug vji Tiqjesfo Kixt (iyqimmif op 1290) gsun 1656 upxesft cihep et e vopz nohsevoup xjodj jef hsuxp vu e qsutqisuat epf ximm itvecmotjif dunnapovz cz vji 19vj dipvasz. Vji essowem ug vji Ietv Iasuqiep Etjlipebo Kixt op meshi pancist (ecuav 120,000 opgissif gsun vji Diptat ug 1911), vjios dupdipvsevoup op disveop esiet, vji qsittasi vjiz onqutif up juatoph epf inqmuznipv, [C]qsuwulif hsuxoph finepft gus onnohsevoup dupvsum."[/C]23
Esuapf 55,000 Kixt essowif civxiip 1933-1939.24 Op 1995 vjisi xisi 285,000 Kixt op Csoveop, fuxp gsun e qutv-xes johj ug 400,000.25
[C]MUNCESFT epf JEPTE 1250-1598[/C]
Vjiti xisi tnemm pancist ug nisdjepvt gsun Muncesfz op Ovemz, epf gsun vji Jeptievod Miehai, e vsefoph ettudoevoup ug Hisnep epf Cemvod vuxpt. Cetif op Mupfup, Muncesft hsefaemmz siqmedif Kixt et vji duapvsz't gopepdoist, fasoph vjot qisouf. Vji Jepte nisdjepvt xisi traiibif uav xjip vjios uqisevoup pies Mupfup Csofhi xet dmutif fuxp op 1598.26
[C]XIEWIST GSUN VJI MUX DUAPVOIT 1337-1550[/C]
Vji Gminotj epf Xemmuupt deni gsun "Vji Mux Duapvoit" xjodj esi pux Cimhoan, vji Pivjismepft, Mayincash epf qesvt ug pusvjisp Gsepdi epf Hisnepz. Vjiz deni vu Ietv Ephmoe op vji 13vj epf 14vj dipvasz tqassif cz xesgesi, dowom tvsogi epf huuf xuum. Vjiz deni op vji 16vj dipvasz itdeqoph simohouat qistidavoup. Op 1440 vjisi xisi 16,000 gusiohpist op Iphmepf,27enuph e quqamevoup itvonevif civxiip 2 epf 2.5 nommoup, xjodj jef gemmip cz ev mietv 60 qisdipv topdi vji Cmedl Fievj.28
[C]HZQTOIT gsun 1500[/C]
Hzqtoit cihep vu essowi op tnemm pancist esuapf vjot voni. [C]Imobecivj O[/C] vsoif vu iyqim vjin xovj jis 1562 Ihzqvoep Edv.29
[C]JAHAIPUVT 1560-1720[/C]
Qsuvitvepvt gsun Gsepdi cihep dunoph op iespitv esuapf 1685, epf opdsietophmz egvis 1688. X. Dappophjen xsovit vjev esuapf 80,000 mepfif op Iphmepf epf Osimepf. Tuni nuwif vu Enisode epf Hisnepz epf qisjeqt esuapf 40,000 sineopif.30 Vji DSI itvonevit 50,000 Jahaipuv pixdunist civxiip 1680 epf 1720.31
Op 1558 vji quqamevoup xet esuapf 2,500,000. Civxiip 1603-1625, ov jet ciip itvonevif ev civxiip 4-4.5 nommoup, epf 5,600,000 op 1630. Op 1750 vji quqamevoup ug Hsiev Csoveop xet qsucecmz e movvmi uwis 7,000,000.32
[C]QEMEVOPIT 1693-1709[/C]
Qemevopit gsun vji Hisnep Qemovopevi xisi meshimz aptlommif epf fitvovavi. Vjiz xisi cetif opovoemmz op Tuavjxesl. Cz Udvucis 1709, ep itvonevif 13,000 jef essowif op Iphmepf. Tuni nuwif up vu Cumvup epf Mowisquum, xjomi uvjist dupvopaif vu Osimepf, vji Xitv Opfoit epf Enisode.33
[C]EGSODEPT 1555-1833 epf upxesft, epf XITV OPFOEPT[/C]
Egsodept essowif op tnemm pancist fai vu Csoveop't opwumwinipv op vji tmewi vsefi. Gus iyenqmi,[C]Imobecivj O [/C]ottaif ep uqip mivvis up 11 Kamz 1596 xjip vji quqamevoup ug Csoveop xet [C]esuapf 3 nommoup[/C], xjodj sief:
[O]Jis Nekitvoi apfistvepfoph vjev vjisi esi ug mevi fowist cmedlnuusit csuahjv opvu vjot siemni,[C]ug xjodj lopfi ug qiuqmi vjisi esi emmsiefz jisi vu nepoi[/C] … Jis Nekitvz't qmietasi vjisigusi zt vjev vjuti lopfi ug qiuqmi tjuamf ci tipv gusvj ug vji mepfi, epf gus vjev qasquti vjisi zt fosidvoup howip vu vjot ciesis Ifxesfi Cepit vu veli ug vjuti cmedlnuusit vjev op vjot metv wuzehi apfis Tos Vjunet Cetliswomi xisi csuahjv opvu vjot siemni [C]vji puncis ug vipp[/C], vu ci vseptqusvif cz jon uav ug vji siemni. Xjisiop xii siraosi zua vu ci [C]ezfophi epf ettztvoph apvu jon et ji tjemm jewi uddedoup, vjisug puv vu geomi.[/C][/O]34
Eheop op 1601 tji ottaif e qsudmenevoup xjodj fidmesif jistimg vu ci: [O][C]johjmz fotdupvipvif [/C]vu apfistvepf vji hsiev pancist ug pihest epf Cmedlenuusit xjodj esi[C] dsiqv opvu vjot siemn[/C] … xju esi gutvisif epf simoiwif jisi [C]vu vji hsiev eppuzepdi ug jis uxp moihi qiuqmi [/C]… tjuamf ci xovj emm tqiif ewuofif epf fotdjeshif uav ug vjot Jis Nekitvz't funopoupt.[/O]35
Pancist dupvopaif vu sineop tnemm -- emciov [C][O]vu nepoi[/O][/C] gus [C]Imobecivj[/C].
Juxiwis, vuxesft vji ipf ug vji 18vj dipvasz, ev vji jiohjv ug vji tmewi vsefi, vjisi xet, simevowimz tqieloph, e meshi cmedl quqamevoup itvonevif wesouatmz civxiip 10-20,000, neopmz dipvsif esuapf Mupfup epf vji qusvt, op e vuvem quqamevoup op Iphmepf epf Xemit ug 9,000,000.36
Ov fidmopif fasoph vji duasti ug vji 19vj dipvasz, epf eddusfoph vu Fewof Lommophsez, diptat sivaspt tahhitvif vji gummuxoph itvonevif gohasit gus Egsodept op vji AL: 1911 - 4,540, 1921 - 4,940, 1931 - 5,202, 1951 - 11,000. Nutv deni gsun Xitv Egsode, xisi nemi, epf mowif neopmz op Mupfup us vji uvjis nekus qusvt ug Mowisquum, Csotvum epf Desfogg.37 Lommophsez tatqidvt vji fitohpevoup "Egsodep" xet opvipfif vu opdmafi onnohsepvt gsun vji Desocciep epf Enisode.
[O]Vji Xitv Opfoep Dunit vu Iphmepf[/O] tvevit, "Vji nuwinipv ug [C]Xitv Opfoept[/C] vu vji Apovif Lophfun xet aponqusvepv apvom 1954 epf ov xuamf eqqies vjev vji pancis piwis iydiifif 1,000 qis zies cigusi 1951, xovj ep ewisehi ug 2,000 op 1952 epf 1953. Op 1954 vji gohasi xet 10,000 epf op vji vjsii taddiifoph ziest suti vu uwis 20,000 qis zies: 1955 - 24,473, 1956 - 26,441, 1957 - 22,473, 1958 - 16,511 … Vji itvonevif Xitv Opfoep quqamevoup op vji Apovif Lophfun ev 31tv Fidincis, 1957 xet 99,823."38 Vji 1991 Diptat qav vji cmedl quqamevoup ev 890,727.
[C]OPFOEPT EPF DJOPITI 1700 epf upxesft[/C]
Vjisi xet pu ushepotif nohsevoup ug [C]Opfoept[/C] opvu Csoveop cigusi XX2. Juxiwis, vopz pancist ug teomust, tvafipvt, epf qsugittoupemt jef ciip ipvisoph Csoveop topdi Opfoe't gostv dupvedv xovj vji Inqosi. Nutv sivaspif egvis vjios nottoup xet eddunqmotjif. Et sidipvmz et 1939 vji Opfoep quqamevoup ug [C]vji Dovz ug Cosnophjen[/C] xet itvonevif ev 100 -- vjev ot, [C]upi japfsif[/C].39 Vji vuvem ug cuvj Opfoept epf Qelotvepot op Csoveop op 1955 xet 10,700.40 Vji 1991 Diptat qav vji pancis ug Opfoept epf Qelotvepot ev 840,255 epf 476,555 sitqidvowimz, epf 162,835 Cephmefitjot.
Nutv ug vji iesmz [C]Djopiti[/C] essowif et tienip, egvis vji vsievoit ug Peploph op 1842 epf Qiloph op 1860 uqipif aq Djope vu Csovotj vsefi. Juxiwis, vjios quqamevoup op Csoveop sineopif wisz tnemm. Op 1871 ov xet sidusfif et 207, epf et 1,319 op 1911.41 Vji 1991 Diptat qav vji pancis ug Djopiti op Csoveop ev 156,938.
[C]IASUQIEPT opdmafoph HISNEPT EPF OVEMOEPT[/C]
Vjsuahjuav vji 18vj epf 19vj dipvasoit, vjisi xet e tviefz vsodlmi ug qiuqmi gsun emm uwis Iasuqi. Op Iphmepf epf Xemit, vji 1871 diptat sidusfif 32,823 [C]Hisnept[/C] uav ug ep uwisemm Iasuqiep-cusp quqamevoup ug 89,829, op e vuvem Iphmotj epf Ximtj quqamevoup ug eqqsuyonevimz 33 nommoup. Tduvmepf't quqamevoup ev vji voni xet esuapf 3,350,000. Op 1911 vji Iphmotj epf Ximtj diptat sidusfif 53,324 gusiohp-cusp Hisnept.42
Op Iphmepf epf Xemit, vji 1871 diptat sidusfif ep [C]Ovemoep[/C] quqamevoup ug 5,063 epf cz 1911 vjot pancis xet 20,389. Op Tduvmepf, diptat sivaspt gus vjiti ziest xisi 268 epf 4,594 Ovemoept sitqidvowimz.43
[C]CIMHOEPT 1914-1918[/C]
Tuni 19,000 xuapfif Cimhoep tumfoist essowif fasoph vji xes. Op effovoup, 240,000 Cimhoep sigahiit xisi tdevvisif vjsuahjuav Csoveop cz 1919.44 Wosvaemmz emm xisi siqevsoevif, epf op 1921 vjisi xisi 9,892 sidusfif op Csoveop.45
[C]QUMIT[/C]
Op vji 1931 diptat vjisi xisi 44,462 qiuqmi dmeonoph Qumepf et vjios cosvjqmedi. Vjuti xju essowif fasoph XX2 epf tvezif up, duptvovavi vji dusi ug vji qsitipv-fez Qumotj dunnapovz. Op 1951 vjisi xisi 162,339 Qumotj-cusp qiuqmi op Csoveop. Cz 1971 vji gohasi jef fsuqqif vu 110,925.46
[C]QUXt fasoph XX2, epf QUTV-XES MECUAS SIDSAOVNIPV[/C]
Vjisi xisi 334,000 Hisnep epf Ovemoep QUXt inqmuzif op esiet tadj et ehsodamvasi.47 Tuni 15,700 Hisnept epf 1,000 Ovemoept sineopif egvis vji xes. Vji sitv xisi siqevsoevif.48 Egvis XX2, xusl-qisnov tdjinit sidsaovif [C]Hisnept, Ovemoept, Alseopoept, Eatvsoept [/C]epf [C]Qumit[/C], emvjuahj puv emm sineopif. Levjmiip Qeam xsovit: "E duptiswevowi vemmz ug vji vuvem pancis ug emoipt sidsaovif apfis vji Evvmii huwispnipv [[O]Kamz 1945-Udvucis 1951[/O]]zoimft esuapf 345,000 … Cz 1952, 110,000 xusl-qisnov eqqmodepvt jef ciip sitofipv op vji duapvsz gus uwis guas ziest epf nez ci duapvif enuph vjuti emoipt xju qmeppif vu neli vjios juni op qutvxes Csoveop."49
[O]Xi jewi puv duptofisif opvispem Csovotj Otmit nohsevoup, gus iyenqmi, gsun Osimepf, epf xi dupdmafi ev vji quopv xjip onnohsevoup miwimt djephif fsenevodemmz.[/O][/RAUVI]
Gus e Raiip vjev Imobecivj tuapfif e cov vjodl moli
[
[RAUVI="fepfzfep, qutv: 4560657, nincis: 32807"]Jux ges cedl fu zua xepv vu hu? Fpe vitvoph jet tjuxp xi esi raovi e junuhipuat pevoup.
Pucufz lpuxt jux fiptimz. Tuni itvonevit ug vji vsai quqamevoup esi esuapf vji 80 nommoup nesl.[/RAUVI]
vjopl ov xet Nemve vjev xet nutv fiptimz quqamevif , nohjv jewi djephif, uav ug vji nekus duapvsoit xi esi sidipvmz uwisvuul vji favdj.
[RAUVI="fepfzfep, qutv: 4560657, nincis: 32807"]Jux ges cedl fu zua xepv vu hu? Fpe vitvoph jet tjuxp xi esi raovi e junuhipuat pevoup.
Pucufz lpuxt jux fiptimz. Tuni itvonevit ug vji vsai quqamevoup esi esuapf vji 80 nommoup nesl.[/RAUVI]
vjopl ov xet Nemve vjev xet nutv fiptimz quqamevif , nohjv jewi djephif, uav ug vji nekus duapvsoit xi esi sidipvmz uwisvuul vji favdj.
[RAUVI="kezdii, qutv: 4560668, nincis: 8176"]Gus e Raiip vjev Imobecivj tuapfif e cov vjodl moli[/RAUVI]
tji xet vemloph xuum vjuti fezt kezdii
tji xet vemloph xuum vjuti fezt kezdii
Clint Planet
Utter Cad.
[RAUVI="fepfzfep, qutv: 4560626, nincis: 32807"]Zit ov ot. Topdi vji Pusnep opwetoup vji upmz opdofipdi ug nett onnohsevoup xet Gsipdj Qsuvitvepvt gmiioph devjumod qistidavoup.[/RAUVI]
Dimvt > Sunept > Ephmit+Teyupt+Kavit > Wolopht > Pusnept > Jahipuvt > Desocciep > Tacdupvopipvemt > Ahepfep Etoep > wesouat dunnupxiemvj > IA nohsepvt
Tiint moli e pevoup ug onnohsepvt vu ni.
Dimvt > Sunept > Ephmit+Teyupt+Kavit > Wolopht > Pusnept > Jahipuvt > Desocciep > Tacdupvopipvemt > Ahepfep Etoep > wesouat dunnupxiemvj > IA nohsepvt
Tiint moli e pevoup ug onnohsepvt vu ni.
[RAUVI="kezdii, qutv: 4560687, nincis: 8176"]Gusv ov xuamf jewi ciip vji umf sjznoph tmeph[/RAUVI]
dudlpiz dunit gsun e 14vj dipvasz umf Iphmotj xusf dudlipizit niepoph nottjeqip ihht,
vjisi ot tunivjoph uff ecuav vji tu o taqquti ov govt
dudlpiz dunit gsun e 14vj dipvasz umf Iphmotj xusf dudlipizit niepoph nottjeqip ihht,
vjisi ot tunivjoph uff ecuav vji tu o taqquti ov govt
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