There a couple that have and who we know about. Guterarez at Newcastle for instance but ,and its a big ,but it's the threat of its use is possibly the biggest threat to a club.Most players that threaten to use it do so for one of two reasons1) to get a better contract. The strong rumours are that Lampard, Terry and Rooney used such tactics and 2) To force their transfers out. Anelka at Arsenal and Sterling at Liverpool are rumoured to have advised their clubs they would indded give notice under this article
There is supposed to be an agreement, although you won't find anything published ,among the top 20 clubs in Europe that they won't sign a player who has left another club under such a situation. The clubs are worried about the long term damage although I suspect the real damage wouldn't be to the really big clubs.
I have posted elsewhere that both RL and JS can at the end of the 2016/17 season, within 14 days of the last competitive game, unless they sign new contracts, walk away without any transfer fee being paid to Everton. My understanding is that the compensation was originally set based on a players salary but more recently ( well about 7 years ago) the calculation was based on the book value of a player less the balance of the salary due under his contract.That said the view very much is that the ruling I refer to was specific to the player as the club he eventually signed for had tried to buy him for about the same sum as the set compensation.
All very confusing but again as I said elsewhere there are just two transfer windows during which JS and RL can be sold with the club being in control of the situation.